● Support perception, enhance decision-making, penetrate command, empower lethality.

Analyzing the Information Power of Modern War

■ Yang Cunyin

introduction

Information power is supported by network, data, algorithm, computing power, etc., and the main line is to quickly form a closed loop of network information system. In modern warfare, it constantly promotes the quantitative and qualitative changes in perception, decision-making, accusation and other links, and has become the core driving force for the generation of joint combat system capabilities, continuously pushing the war form to a higher level.

Information power supports perception

At present, the development of information acquisition, processing and other technical means is promoting the change of battlefield perception from automation to autonomy, from monomer to coordination, and from center to distribution, which makes the period of combat system from "feeling" to "knowledge" continuously shortened and the judgment from "state" to "potential" continuously accelerated.

Perception is developing to multi-type sounding. With the expansion of combat space to global multi-dimensions, multiple battlefield information is intertwined and superimposed in modern warfare, and it is difficult to ensure the timeliness, integrity and accuracy of perceived information by a single sensing means. In order to adapt to the future battlefield development trend, it is necessary to construct and develop a multi-antenna and multi-modality battlefield perception system by comprehensively using various means such as network perception, electromagnetic spectrum perception and cognitive perception, so as to cover multi-dimensional battlefield spaces such as physical domain, information domain and cognitive domain, so as to achieve three-dimensional and full-spectrum battlefield situation perception.

Perception evolves to real-time perspective. In the future, the battlefield environment will become more and more complex and changeable, and the OODA cycle will be greatly compressed. It is an inevitable requirement to win the operational initiative to strive for time advantage and action speed and to change the offensive and defensive posture sensitively. The real-time change of battlefield situation urgently needs to develop holographic and visual perception means. Foreign troops believe that only when the future battlefield has near-real-time sensitive intelligence refresh rate and sharing degree can it effectively support the discovery, location, identification and crackdown on "time-sensitive targets".

Perception upgrades to intelligent supercomputing. In modern warfare, the volume of battlefield information increases exponentially. Only by accelerating the upgrading of perception ability to intelligence can the phenomenon of "data annihilation" be effectively prevented. Computing power is the basis of improving perception, and improving computing power can improve battlefield perception computing ability. Algorithm is the core of improving perception, and the improved algorithm can promote the intelligent upgrade of perception means. Examples are the fuel to improve perception. Adding examples is helpful to improve the self-learning, self-adaptation and self-optimization ability of the perception system, so as to realize rapid and efficient identification, analysis and processing of massive data, thus achieving faster time consumption and more accurate perception of the situation than opponents.

Perception is advanced to efficient overall planning. In modern warfare, due to the huge amount and variety of battlefield information and the disorderly construction of perception means, it is easy to make repeated and inefficient use of information. Facing the future battlefield, it is urgent to break down the system barrier, and unify the planning, system layout and overall construction from the all-dimensional overall situation, so as to promote the transformation of the perception system from disorder to order, the perception environment from closed to open, and the perception state from intermittent to continuous, so as to obtain the dynamic information of high-value targets in the battlefield in a wider range with higher accuracy and less delay.

Information power enhances decision-making power

The rapid development and wide application of information technologies such as big data and cloud computing are pushing the decision-making mode and method to undergo profound changes as never before. The traditional decision-making mode based on intuition and experience will gradually change to the decision-making mode based on data, which has become a new trend that will affect the victory in the future battlefield.

Information interaction and integration support the realization of global decision-making. Under the traditional combat mode, all kinds of command organizations at all levels are like "islands" of information processing, and it is difficult to share decision-making information in time, and it is difficult for commanders to reach a deep consensus in a short time. Under the support of the network information system, information interaction, integration and high-speed circulation have become the norm. Commanders and command elements at all levels simultaneously obtain decision-making information and conduct decision-making activities to support the realization of global decision-making. In future battlefield operational decision-making, commanders need to make comprehensive judgments and decisions by using relevant information to imagine operational scenarios, building a planning view based on comprehensive information, integrating data information in various fields such as intelligence, accusation, strike and support, and observing the situation of multi-domain information.

Information reveals the law and supports the realization of ad hoc decision-making War is a field full of "probability", certainty and uncertainty interweave on the battlefield, and all kinds of uncertain events are more common. According to information theory, information can significantly reduce uncertainty. In the future battlefield, by accumulating historical data information, mining and summarizing the regular knowledge from it, and quickly capturing and identifying the key information of precursors and trends, it will help to do a good job in forecasting and analyzing, improve all kinds of unexpected scene ideas and emergency response plans, and effectively improve the ability to cope with uncertain events in the battlefield.

Convenient information flow, support to achieve rapid decision-making. In the future war, all kinds of new fast killing weapons will further push the pace of war to "seconds kill", and "discover and destroy" will become a reality. Accelerating the circulation rate and refresh frequency of operational information, and then supporting rapid decision-making has become an urgent need in the battlefield. Under the blessing of "intelligent cloud Brain+Wisdom System", commanders converge information with network thinking, manage information with matrix method and use information with simple concept, so that information flows quickly and efficiently, and rapid decision-making will become possible, and command and decision-making will no longer be the "stuck" link in the closed loop of the killing chain.

Equal sharing of information supports scientific decision-making. In the future battlefield, with the support of the network information system, command organizations at all levels can obtain decision-making information synchronously, and commanders at all levels have more effective information. On this basis, giving play to military democratic collective decision-making can make up for the cognitive limitations of individual decision-makers and avoid information blind spots. In addition, we can give full play to the complementary advantages of human brain and machine, establish an efficient and intelligent man-machine collaborative command and decision-making system, innovate decision-making methods, and improve the scientific decision-making level.

Information power runs through accusation power.

The formation of accusation is highly dependent on information. Information determines the object, timeliness and scope of command, and the automatic, real-time and accurate flow of information can support the formation of a polymorphic and flexible command and control structure.

Control section based on time information. In the information age, the value of military time is increasing, and timeliness is an important evaluation index of battlefield accusation. In the future war, we will be in a state of standing command, and accurately control the daily combat readiness and duty tasks with a "day" large granularity cycle to ensure the normal and stable operation of combat mission troops and weapon platforms. In the state of crisis command, the crisis events with great influence and wide coverage should be properly handled according to the principle of reducing influence and controlling in time. In wartime command state, the operational command link is constructed with a small granularity cycle of "second" level, which realizes synchronous judgment, evaluation and decision-making, and effectively shortens the command cycle.

Domain control based on entity information. No matter how the war forms evolve, the physical domain will be the basic space for the confrontation of military forces. In the future information-based and intelligent war, the physical domain is not only a wrestling field for the application of tangible energy such as machinery and chemistry, but also an arena for the application of energy by intangible forces such as information and cognition. Taking control of key domains based on physical information is still an important choice to achieve military goals. For example, facing the land battlefield, the key is to control the border. By gathering important information such as the geographical space, electromagnetic environment, troop deployment, social conditions and people’s feelings along the border, we can control the border of the battlefield, the perception of the battlefield environment, and the deployment of important positions, so as to control the border and control the surface.

Network control based on virtual information. Judging from recent local wars and regional conflicts, virtual space plays an increasingly prominent role in expanding information acquisition channels, winning public opinion advantages and supporting combat operations. It is not difficult to predict that cyberspace will become a new highland for both sides of the war. Therefore, we should pay attention to the control of military cyberspace, vigorously strengthen the construction of military cyberspace situational awareness, monitoring and early warning, traceability and counter-measures, and improve the security baseline of military cyberspace. For example, improve the ability of topic setting and narrative construction, so as to firmly grasp the right to speak and the initiative of the Internet social networking platform.

Brain control based on cognitive information. "Use the way of fighting, attack the heart for the top and attack the city for the bottom". By comprehensively using multiple cognitive information and influencing means such as thought, public opinion, psychology, etc., seizing the dominant position in the cognitive domain can influence the enemy’s decision-making and behavior, and achieve maximum operational effectiveness at the least cost. In the future battlefield, it is urgent to strengthen propaganda, interpretation and ideological guidance, break cognitive infiltration in early warning, strengthen our own psychological defense line and shape our favorable cognitive situation. It is necessary to unite people’s hearts with positive information, rely on various information dissemination platforms, strengthen positive information propaganda, screen and filter negative public opinions, and guide people to support and identify, thus stimulating people’s will to fight.

Information power empowers lethality

In the future war, information flow will dominate material flow and energy flow. To win a war, we should give full play to the role of information in promoting coordination, break through the constraints of the domain of operational elements, the qualitative domain of operational forces and the domain of operational actions, and build a kill loop agilely, so as to realize the transformation of operational actions into task-based autonomous coordination, and thus achieve the rapid convergence of heterogeneous operational energy.

Accurate description of information, empowering killing elements. With all kinds of information systems and intelligent platforms being embedded in weapons and equipment, the killing efficiency of combat units is increasing exponentially. In the future war, through the intelligent analysis and processing of massive battlefield information, the target can be accurately selected, the firepower energy can be accurately released, and the cost-effectiveness ratio can be greatly improved. In terms of speed efficiency and quick release of energy, through the rapid flow of information, automatic target identification, intelligent path decision-making and accurate effect evaluation are completed, so as to achieve the suddenness of combat operations and realize the discovery of all kinds of time-sensitive targets.

Heterogeneous hinge of information, empowering killing chain. Thanks to the permeability and connectivity of network information technology, all kinds of battlefield information can be coupled, which drives the construction and operation mode of kill chain to be iteratively upgraded, thus providing the possibility for implementing precise operations. Accurately empowering the point-to-point unidirectional killing chain, based on the pre-constructed "sense-strike" information link, can realize the unidirectional precise killing of small-scale and single-platform systems. One-to-many radiation kill chain, with high-end and high-value combat platform as the core, gathers the combat forces, combat units and combat elements related to the battlefield space, forms a central radiation kill chain structure, and realizes multi-platform and multi-system parallel killing in the same direction.

Information is interconnected and overlapping, empowering the killing network. With the increasing mobility of information in the combat system, the "connectability" of kill chain elements has also been greatly improved, and the original single-type kill chain information flow is developing towards a complex and multi-dimensional structure. The star-shaped killing net built around the core weapon platform and combat unit can be dynamically changed based on the real-time adjustment of combat tasks. Relying on all kinds of intelligent "transformed" combat resources deployed in a wide area and flexibly interconnected, a self-organizing, adaptive and self-recovery killing net can be dynamically built as needed, which can meet the needs of decentralized distributed operations and better adapt to the future battlefield.

Information is ubiquitous in a wide area, empowering the killer. In the future war, with the support of swarm intelligence, the combat system will break the previous preset static killing chain construction mode and construct dynamic relationships such as coupling, interaction, parallelism and synchronization. The killing chain structure will expand from chain and network to more complex higher-order topological architecture, which will also bring profound changes to the combat system. From attacking the platform to attacking the elements, we will promote the transformation of the operational focus from attacking the operational platform and eliminating the effective forces to attacking key elements and paralyzing the hub nodes. From attacking elements to attacking systems, in view of the fact that it is difficult to achieve operational results by destroying a single element, we strive to select the targets and means of attack from the perspective of functional damage to the enemy system in order to suppress the enemy system. From hitting the system to hitting the system, select the right system to break the paralyzed hinge joints, and comprehensively use various means such as breaking the net, breaking the chain and hitting the point to interfere, delay, destroy, weaken or even paralyze the effective operation of the opposing combat system, thus causing the enemy combat system to collapse.

The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. The Yellow River passes through the city in Lanzhou, and more than 3 million Lanzhou citizens live by water. In August, 2019, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out during his inspection tour in Gansu that protecting the mother river is a long-term plan related to the great rejuvenation and sustainable development of the Chinese nation, requiring Lanzhou to make efforts and make a good start in maintaining the health of the Yellow River. Bearing in mind the entrustment of the General Secretary, Lanzhou City continues to exert its efforts in various aspects such as the ecological restoration of the Yellow River, the greening and beauty on both sides of the strait, and the high-quality development, and strives to make the Yellow River a "happy river" for the benefit of the people.

The Yellow River is the mother river of the Chinese nation. On September 18, 2019, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out at the symposium on ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin that protecting the Yellow River is a great plan for the great rejuvenation and sustainable development of the Chinese nation. Over the past year, we have done a good job in protecting and promoting great governance along the Yellow River and nine provinces, making the Yellow River a river of happiness for the benefit of the people.

In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the important speech delivered by the Supreme Leader General Secretary at the symposium on promoting ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, and to show the new measures, practices and achievements in promoting ecological protection and high-quality development in all parts of the Yellow River Basin, on the morning of September 15th, the network theme activity "Chinese Dream and Yellow River Love-Ecological Protection and High-quality Development in the Yellow River Basin" was officially launched in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, hosted by the Communication Bureau of the Central Network Information Office, hosted by China Network and the Network Offices of nine provinces and regions in the Yellow River Basin, and co-organized by the Yellow River Conservancy Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources and

　　"Without friends, friends can also see the latest 10 messages, but with friends, they can only see 3." Although it has been repeatedly criticized, since WeChat launched the new function of friends circle, "3 days visible" has gradually become the normal state of friends circle.

　　"The circle of friends is visible for three days, which proves that the privacy of the circle of friends is no longer willful. Now that we have fully entered the era of social media, this change on WeChat actually shows that after an adjustment period, we are moving towards a more mature attitude towards social media." In this regard, Sun Jie, a lecturer at the School of Journalism and Communication at Huaqiao University, commented.

　　Does social media bring freedom or bondage?

　　On wechat, if you don’t agree with a word, you will fight for an expression pack; On Weibo, "Keyboard Man" spoke out when he encountered "injustice", which are our impressions of social media. However, according to Huang Zeng, a junior born in 1997, these impressions are somewhat specious. "It’s true that I like to fight with emoticons. I usually like to speak and comment on some social phenomena and network hotspots on Weibo, but if we only have these things on the Internet, I won’t recite this pot." Huang Zeng told reporters with a serious face.

　　At present, most of the post-90s and post-00s are generations who have grown up with the development of the Internet and the update of social media. Due to the lack of generations with the same growth background and different thinking habits, it is difficult to understand the behavior of the new generation of young people who "soak" on their mobile phones all day. Therefore, every development of social media is faced with a critical and prudent social vision.

　　"I didn’t feel free when I went to college. I think this is all thanks to WeChat. " Huang Zeng told reporters helplessly that in the past, in middle school, the class teacher would set up a parent group, and even the homework was posted on WeChat, and the results were also basked in the group. When you go to college, your actions will be supervised by your parents at any time. "When I go back to the dormitory later in the evening, I will be scolded by my mother in the video call."

　　Yu Xiansheng, a post-80s white-collar worker, has a similar feeling with Huang Zeng. In his view, there is also a big question mark about whether the surname of social media is "private" or "public".

　　"Weibo is a pit, and the pit of WeChat is even bigger!" Yu Xiansheng told reporters that during his college years, Weibo was just emerging. At that time, he often talked nonsense in Weibo. However, since his work, Weibo has become a "public place" for publishing work status, promoting company projects and interactive affairs.

　　"Boss, colleagues all know your account, still dare to talk? Now I feel that Weibo has been bound to work and is an integral part of the work. " Yu Xiansheng went on to say that it was WeChat that bothered him more than Weibo. "Sometimes all kinds of things in more than a dozen groups are constantly swiping the screen, which makes me look big, and after coming home from work, I am particularly afraid that the boss will send WeChat to arrange work again. I began to envy the era when I couldn’t contact each other after work."

　　Social media is still an extension of real life.

　　The famous American scholar McLuhan once said: Media is an extension of human beings. This famous saying still has practical significance today.

　　"The development of social media has been closely related to our lives and is affecting people’s behavior, but in the final analysis, it still has to conform to the rules of the real world, which is based on real social interaction." Sun Jie told reporters.

　　"I think the function of being visible in a circle of friends for three days is a good choice, which allows the public to make choices according to their own needs." For the development of social media, Xu Xiao, a young cadre in charge of United front work in Xuhui District Committee of Shanghai, has his own unique views.

　　"Nowadays, WeChat friends are as common as sending business cards. Many of them are just due to simple working relationships and friends, so it is a mature practice to selectively show what you want to share." In view of the mass test of cleaning up zombie friends who sell things in the circle of friends, bask in babies, ask for praise, and even often appear, Xu Wei believes that these are all the relationships between "public space" and "private space".

　　In fact, in recent years, some "WeChat etiquette" has become popular on the Internet. For example, reply as soon as you see the information, send as few large voice messages as possible, and don’t pull groups without permission.

　　"Now many people say that they have been kidnapped by friends. In fact, in the sense of social etiquette, this is a false proposition." Xu Xiao said that due to the nature of her work, she usually "unifies social software and offline life", "don’t do to others what you don’t want them to do to you" and "respect others’ choices".

　　Instant messaging, sharing and interconnection, under the background of "technology explosion", the development of social media has obviously brought great changes to the traditional social ways, but this does not mean the lack of traditional social etiquette. How to develop a social view suitable for the characteristics of the media under the new media has become a more concerned issue.

　　"In fact, the change of media can’t change people’s real communication style, so the characteristics of media will not obscure the basic rules of real social interaction." Xu Xiao said that although many immature ways of communication in online social interaction exist temporarily due to the rapid development of social media, what really matters is what kind of social views individuals hold.

　　The real purpose of socializing is sincere emotional communication.

　　"There is a beautiful flower in the world, and that is youth blooming." Recently, the popularity of the film "Fanghua" has caused many audiences of different ages to shed tears, which has also caused a nostalgic upsurge. Living together day and night in the army art troupe, living and dying together in the process of fighting, condensed into a generation of youth, youth passed away, but friendship lasts forever.

　　"WeChat group is very convenient, but my comrades and I will get together regularly. The true feelings can’t be expressed by typing and talking online." Liu Lijun, a retired soldier, told reporters: "In the past, whether visiting relatives or socializing, it took a lot to maintain communication. It is too easy to communicate now, but I feel that I have nothing to say and my feelings are weak. "

　　"Different times have different ways of communication, but we will not increase the total amount of emotions with the evolution of social media. The number of people who can maintain friendship, and the friends who can communicate with each other and continue to communicate will not increase with the convenience of social media. " For a series of developments of social media, Sun Jie pointed out that due to the lack of communication costs, social media can not play a substantial role in core interpersonal relationships. Instead, we should devote our limited energy to infinite real life and be wary of confusing the boundaries of privacy and private communication.

　　"WeChat has actually been accepted by many people after the launch of the three-day visible function of friends circle, which is also in line with the international trend. For example, the Snapchat software in burn after reading abroad focuses on the current information and is unwilling to spend too much energy on online life. After all, in addition to business socialization and the nature of work, after experiencing a fresh online social sharing experience, everyone will still feel that real communication is the main source of our emotions. " Sun Wei concluded.

　　CCTV News:Russia, which just announced that it will hold the largest military exercise in nearly 40 years in mid-September, has made big moves again. The Russian Defense Ministry announced that it will dispatch strategic bombers and other equipment to conduct joint air and sea exercises in the Mediterranean from September 1. From the Mediterranean to Siberia, in September this year, Russia chose to respond to the increasingly unfavorable international environment with its fists.

　　Russia successfully tested a new type of anti-missile missile. Russian media reporters watched it on the spot.

　　On August 30, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced that the Russian Air Force successfully tested a new type of anti-missile missile at the Sareshagan proving ground in Kazakhstan that day.

　　Russian Red Star TV reporter"the anti-missile missile disappeared from sight in an instant, and it can only be proved that it has been launched by the smoke of the missile. We are one kilometer away from the launcher, and the interceptor has hit the target when the roar comes. "

　　The key parameters of Russia’s exposure to anti-missile missile test are still state secrets.

　　The video released by the Russian Ministry of Defense completely records the whole process of the Air Force’s convoy transporting the whole anti-missile system to the launching position, the missile being put into the silo, and then igniting and launching. Russian Red Star TV stressed that the flight speed and range of this type of anti-missile missile are still state secrets.

　　Andrei Prikhodko, Deputy Commander of Air Defense and Anti-missile Force of Russian Air Force.A series of successful tests have proved that the new missile defense system successfully carried out the most complicated flight mission and hit the set target with absolute accuracy.

　　Russia’s new anti-missile system or key protection of Moscow

　　Although the Russian military official has never disclosed the specific model of this new anti-missile system, it is widely speculated that Russia tested an upgraded version of the active anti-missile system A-135. Although Russia has not developed an anti-missile system with both land and sea like the United States, covering the middle and final stages, the West also acknowledges that as a "shield" to protect the Russian capital Moscow, the strength of the A-135 anti-missile system cannot be underestimated.

　　When the US-Russia relationship is tense, does Russia "show its sword"?

　　In fact, at the beginning of April this year, the Russian Ministry of Defense also publicized the test site of the new anti-missile system. Some media noticed that it was just the moment when the West stepped up preparations for the use of force against Syria and the US-Russia relationship was extremely tense; Now, Russia has once again taken the initiative to disclose the picture of the anti-missile system, and the relationship between the United States and Russia has once again become tense.

　　The Russian navy’s major fleets dispatched ships to the Mediterranean to participate in large-scale exercises.

　　On August 30th, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that the Russian Navy and Air Force will hold a large-scale military exercise in the Mediterranean from September 1st to 8th. On the naval side, the Russian Northern Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Sea Sub-fleet will all deploy ships to participate in the exercise, with a total of more than 25 ships. The participating forces at sea will be led by the guided missile cruiser Marshal Uski Novo.

　　Ten-thousand-ton cruisers lead the exercise, and reporters get close to the "killer"

　　"Marshal Uski Novo" is one of the "Glorious" class cruisers, with a full displacement of over 10,000 tons, belonging to the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy. According to the Itar-Tass news agency, the formation led by the ship set off from the base of the Northern Fleet on July 5 this year. At the end of July, it participated in the celebration of the Russian Navy Day in St. Petersburg and was reviewed by Russian President Vladimir Putin.

　　Russian Red Star TV reporter：“‘ Marshal Uski ’ This legendary behemoth has been in service for more than 30 years. At the beginning of 2010, it was sent for maintenance and upgrade. It was just upgraded in June this year, and its control system was completely updated, from analog system to digital system. However ‘ Marshal Uski ’ The core of the number is still ‘ Basalt ’ Cruise missile. This cruise missile has a range of 500 kilometers. It can fly along a very complicated trajectory, and it is difficult for enemy radar to detect them. "

　　US media: After the Cold War, Russia assembled the largest number of Mediterranean cruise missiles and attracted attention.

　　After attending the Navy Festival, the formation of "Marshal Uski Novo" went all the way south to the Mediterranean; On the way through the English Channel, the formation was also tracked and monitored by British naval destroyers. The Russian newspaper Izvestia reported that this is the largest naval force assembly of Russia in the Mediterranean since Putin ordered military intervention in the Syrian conflict in September 2015; The US "Defense News" even said that the scale of the maritime part of Russia’s Mediterranean military exercise is already the largest after the Cold War. NATO’s chief spokesman said on August 29 that Russia’s intention to assemble troops in the Mediterranean will not be speculated, but all parties in the region should exercise restraint; The spokesman also specifically mentioned that many Russian warships are equipped with cruise missiles.

　　Commanders of the two US naval fleets meet in secret to discuss how to deal with Russia.

　　The US "Stars and Stripes" disclosed on August 30 that Andrew Lewis, commander of the US Navy’s Second Fleet, and Lisa Franchetti, commander of the Sixth Fleet, held closed-door talks in Naples, Italy, on the same day to discuss how to deal with the Russian navy, which has recently become increasingly strong in the Mediterranean and other regions. On August 24th, the US Navy just held a ceremony to officially restart the Second Fleet. The second fleet, revived after seven years, will be responsible for maritime defense in the North Atlantic together with the sixth fleet.

　　The scale of Russia’s September strategic exercise or the largest military exercise in the history of the Soviet Union

　　However, Russia’s recent strength is not limited to the Mediterranean, nor is it limited to the navy and air force. In September 1981, for a total of eight days, the Soviet army held an exercise code-named "West -1981" on the Baltic coast. At that time, almost all arms and services were dispatched and used a large number of new equipment to stage the largest exercise in Soviet history. The number of tanks participating alone exceeded 10,000. Thirty-seven years later, today’s Russia says that we are going to have a bigger one.

　　Russian Defense Minister shoigu: "Nearly 300,000 officers and men will participate in almost all the training grounds in the central and eastern military regions, and the Pacific Fleet, the Northern Fleet and the Airborne Forces will participate in the exercise. Imagine that 36,000 military equipment including tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, etc. will participate at the same time. "

　　The Russian military’s annual strategic exercise moved to Putin in the Eastern Military Region or sat on the spot.

　　According to the information previously released by the Russian Defense Ministry, the Russian military will hold a strategic exercise codenamed "Oriental -2018" from September 11 to 15. Every autumn, the Russian military holds a multi-service strategic exercise across military regions, which is hosted by several major military regions in turn: during 2014-2017, Russia held four strategic exercises, including "Oriental -2014", "Central -2015", "Caucasus -2016" and "Western -2017". If there are no special circumstances, Putin will come to the scene to take command in the final stage of the exercise.

　　Kremlin: The international environment is extremely unfriendly, and the Russian military exercise is completely justified.

　　Russian Presidential Press Secretary peskov stressed on August 29th that the current international environment is "extremely unfriendly" to Russia, so it is totally justified to test the national defense strength, and there is no other choice.