In contract dispute cases, the validity of contractual relationship is not only the focus of disputes between the parties, but also the difficulty for judges to judge the entity of the case. The author combines the trial practice and the theory of contract law to further discuss the related issues.

　　I. Factors that do not affect the effectiveness of the contract

　　Article 52 of the General Principles of the Contract Law stipulates the statutory circumstances that constitute the invalidity of a contract, and a contract is invalid when it has any of the prescribed circumstances. However, the following circumstances cannot be used as a reason for determining that the contract is invalid:

　　1. The terms of the contract are incomplete. Regarding the conditions for the establishment of a contract, the contract law does not stipulate. In practice, the provisions of Article 9 of the Economic Contract Law (the parties agree on the main terms of the contract, and the economic contract is established) are generally used as a reference. Whether the main terms of a contract (referring to the terms that must be met according to the nature of the contract and the agreement of the parties) are available only involves whether the contract is established, and whether the contract is established only involves the interests of the parties to the contract, not the national and social public interests, so the contract cannot be deemed invalid because the main terms of the contract are not available. According to the relevant provisions of the contract law, the contract that does not have the main terms can be filled by the rules of contract interpretation, and the contract terms can be supplemented to make it effective.

　　2. Form of contract. The form of the contract is only the carrier of the contract content and the evidence of the existence of the contract, which does not affect the validity of the contract and cannot be used as the basis for judging the validity of the contract. If the written form is required by laws and administrative regulations, if the parties fail to use the written form, the contract is also established if there is other evidence to prove the existence of the contract. The legal norms set by the law for the form of contract are advocacy norms, which are only the norms of the parties’ behavior, not the norms of judges’ judgment. Whether the parties take the written form will only concern the private interests of the parties to the contract, and there is no need for the state to intervene. Violation of the advocacy provisions will not lead to the invalidity of the contract. The requirement of written form made by laws and administrative regulations for a specific contractual relationship is neither an important requirement for the establishment of a contract nor an important requirement for the entry into force of a contract. It mainly has the functions of evidence and urging the parties to trade cautiously. Mandatory standard clauses in the contract law are set for the interests of the state, the public and the unspecified third party, and cannot be changed by the parties. Violation of this contract is of course invalid, and judges can directly apply it.

　　3, beyond the scope of business. In China, mandatory norms for market access are set for specific industries, such as mining license and network culture business license. Regarding the relationship between the mandatory norms for market access for specific industries and the effectiveness of contracts, according to the provisions of Article 10 of the Judicial Interpretation of Contract Law (I), the effectiveness of contracts is generally not affected, but contracts that seriously exceed the business scope in violation of state restrictions, franchising and laws and administrative regulations (such as drugs and guns) are invalid. In my opinion, contracts that violate restricted operation and franchise can’t all be deemed invalid, so it is necessary to distinguish different situations.

　　4, in violation of local regulations and the State Council departmental rules. Encouraging transactions is an important spirit of contract legislation. After the implementation of the contract law, the validity of the contract can only be confirmed according to the laws formulated by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee and the administrative regulations formulated by the State Council. In the trial of contract disputes, except for the prohibitive provisions stipulated by laws and administrative regulations, the contract cannot be confirmed invalid according to the rules and local regulations promulgated by the relevant competent departments of the State Council. Mandatory provisions (such as foreign exchange and foreign trade management) in administrative rules and regulations related to the national economy and people’s livelihood and the vital interests of the country promulgated by the relevant competent authorities in the State Council, which have been interpreted by the judiciary before they are upgraded to laws and administrative regulations, shall be applied in accordance with the provisions of judicial interpretation, and the contract that violates the above provisions shall be confirmed to be invalid; If there is no judicial interpretation, the contract may be confirmed to be invalid on the grounds of harming public interests according to the provisions of Item (4) of Article 52 of the Contract Law. It can be seen that the position of regulations in the confirmation of contract validity is not absolutely denied, but there is still room for application considering its particularity.

　　II. Establishment, Effectiveness and Validity of the Contract

　　1. Establishment, validity and effectiveness of the contract. When a contract comes into effect, the parties must first reach an agreement on the main terms of the contract (the contract is established). Secondly, the contents of the contract do not violate the provisions of Article 52 of the Contract Law (the contract is valid), and the attached conditions and deadlines are achieved (the contract comes into effect). The entry into force of a contract is based on the establishment of the contract, and there are also differences in principle between the two: first, the constituent elements are different, the sign of the establishment of a contract is that the parties agree on their intentions, and some contracts need approval or agreed conditions for entry into force; Second, the legal effect is different, the contract is not legally binding, and the effective contract is legally binding on the parties. There is also a difference between the validity of a contract and the validity of the contract. The validity of the contract corresponds to the ineffectiveness of the contract, and the validity of the contract corresponds to the invalidity of the contract. The ineffectiveness of the contract does not mean that the contract is invalid, and the ineffective contract can be valid; The validity of the contract does not mean that the contract comes into effect, and the valid contract may not come into effect with conditions. Effective and effective focus is different: whether effective or not focuses on the characterization of the contract, which is to evaluate the legal nature of the contract in a certain state; Whether the contract comes into effect or not focuses on the time when the contract comes into effect, that is, the time when the rights and obligations stipulated in the contract become binding on the contracting parties. In the trial practice, we should pay attention to distinguish between invalid contract, invalid contract and ineffective contract, because this directly affects the determination of the nature of civil behavior and the determination of substantive responsibility. A contract that is not effective or established cannot be equated with invalidity, because the legal consequences are different.In fact, some contracts that are not effective are effective. For some contracts that are not established, the parties can make them effective through consultation and achieve the purpose of trading.

　　2. The influence of approval and registration on the validity of the contract. Judicial Interpretation of Contract Law (1) The provisions of Article 9 actually distinguish the approval and registration stipulated in Article 44 of the Contract Law. If laws and administrative regulations stipulate that a contract shall come into effect after it has been approved and registered, and the parties concerned have not completed the approval and registration before the end of the debate in the court of first instance, the court shall consider the contract not to come into effect, but to be invalid. At this time, it should be noted that although the contract did not come into effect due to the failure to go through the approval or registration procedures, the provisions such as the liability for breach of contract and the way to resolve disputes should be handled in accordance with the relevant provisions of the contract law, that is, they should be considered effective. If laws and administrative regulations stipulate that a contract should be approved and registered, but it does not come into effect after approval and registration, the failure of the parties to approve and register will not affect the effectiveness of the contract, and the contract will still come into effect, but the ownership of the subject matter of the contract cannot be transferred. At this point, the parties can request the other party to perform the obligation of transferring ownership or property right according to the contract.

　　Third, the identification of mandatory clauses in contract law

　　Mandatory provisions include management norms and effectiveness norms. Administrative norms refer to norms that are not clearly stipulated by laws and administrative regulations, and violation of such norms will lead to the invalidity of the contract. Such norms aim to manage and punish violations, but they do not deny the effectiveness of such acts in civil and commercial law. Validity norms refer to the norms that laws and administrative regulations clearly stipulate that the violation of such regulations will lead to the invalidity of the contract, or that the violation will lead to the invalidity of the contract, but if the contract continues to be effective, it will harm the national interests and social public interests. Such norms are not only aimed at punishing violations, but also at denying their effectiveness in civil and commercial law. Mandatory norms usually use words and wording such as "must, should, shall not, and prohibit", but some of the above-mentioned words and clauses contained in the norms are advocacy norms and some are industrial administrative norms. If only the provisions contain the above-mentioned words and wording indiscriminately, they will be considered as mandatory provisions, which obviously does not conform to the legislative intent of the contract. It is necessary to identify mandatory clauses by combining the following factors:

　　1. To judge whether a certain legal provision is mandatory, we should consider the legislative purpose of the law, the degree of damage to the interests of the state, the collective, the third party and the public interest in violation of the provision. Mandatory provisions in contract law generally involve major social interests and public morality, or are related to important macro-control measures of the state, the basic order of market economy, and the basic rights of market economic subjects.

　　2. The mandatory provisions in the contract law generally involve the prohibition of the trading behavior of both parties, rather than the administrative management norms that prohibit the behavior of one party in the industry for the sake of industry management. Administrative norms maintain a specific management order and do not directly involve public interests; Administrative norms, the law does not prohibit such transactions, but prohibits an element of the transaction. For example, Article 39 of the Commercial Bank Law stipulates that commercial banks shall not extend loans beyond a certain deposit ratio; Article 40 stipulates that commercial banks shall not issue loans to related parties. Among them, the "no" is the nature of industry management, which shows that the People’s Bank of China has strengthened its prudent supervision over the loan business of commercial banks more effectively. Because the commercial bank law is the organization and management law of commercial banks, it restricts the behavior of commercial banks, but cannot directly restrict the customers of commercial banks. Commercial banks that violate this provision shall be subject to administrative punishment, but the validity of the contract shall not be affected.

　　3. The mandatory provisions of the contract law generally have corresponding sanctions for both parties. Sometimes the content of sanctions against both parties may not be stipulated in the same article or even the same law. Because mandatory prohibitive norms prohibit anyone from engaging in this behavior at any time, anywhere and in any form, unlike administrative norms that only restrict one party or a certain element of the transaction, there are sanctions for both parties to the transaction. If only one party is sanctioned or punished, it may be an administrative provision.

　　Four, the application of mandatory provisions to determine the effectiveness of the contract should be paid attention to.

　　First, the contract can only be deemed invalid if the rights and obligations stipulated in the contract itself violate the mandatory provisions. If the parties perform the contract in violation of the mandatory provisions, the contract cannot be deemed invalid. If the transaction itself does not violate the prohibitive norms, only the performance violates the prohibitive norms, then the contract shall be valid. We must pay attention to the fact that the performance of the contract will not lead to the invalidity of the contract, and we must distinguish between the contract behavior and the performance behavior. For example, the two sides signed a contract to buy and sell crude oil, and delivered it by smuggling oil. This performance definitely violated the prohibitive provisions of the law, and the performance was invalid, but the contract should be valid. Second, the effectiveness of the contract cannot be judged by whether the effect of contract performance is realized. Third, for a contract whose rights and obligations are separable, only the clauses that violate the mandatory provisions are invalid, and the whole contract cannot be invalidated, which will hinder the transaction. For example, according to the provisions of the contract law, the exemption clause that industrial injury is not responsible in the standard contract is invalid, and other contents are still valid.

　　(Author: Anhui Higher People’s Court)

　　Overseas networkAugust 23 rdOn August 1st, two French hip-hop singers, Booba and Kaaris, fought at an airport in Paris and were detained by the police. Although they are temporarily detained in prison, netizens are surprised to find that they are still active on social networks, which makes people question how they play with their mobile phones in prison. In fact, it is nothing new for French prisoners to secretly hold mobile phones in prisons.

　　According to the French newspaper le figaro, on August 1st, Booba and Kaaris, two French hip-hop singers, and their entourage fought in orly airport, causing flight delays and scaring other tourists, and two of them were slightly injured in the group fight. Finally, the two singers and their entourage were detained by the police. The airport filed a complaint against them on the 2nd. Booba is currently being held in a prison in Essonne province, while Kaaris is being held in Fresnes prison in 94 province.

　　However, Booba, who was in prison, posted a tweet on the 21st, saying that he wanted to be a "beating bodyguard" like Benara. (Source: Twitter)

　　Another rapper, a cellmate of Kaaris, exposed a photo with Kaaris on Twitter, and arrogantly typed the coordinates of "Frena Prison" in the label, and then his mobile phone was found in the cell by the prison guards.

　　It is not uncommon for prisoners to hold mobile phones in prisons in France, but mobile phones that should have been banned are widely used by prisoners in prisons.

　　In 2017, more than 40,000 mobile phones, chargers and other related accessories were found in prisons across France, which was four times that of 2010. On the one hand, this is related to the surge in the number of prisoners. According to previous reports, the prison occupancy rate of Fresnes in the south of Paris is as high as 200%. Due to the lack of beds in the prison, some prisoners can only sleep on mattresses on the ground.

　　On the other hand, the way the mobile phone is transported into the prison also makes it impossible for prison guards to guard against it. According to reports, some people usually throw their mobile phones into the courtyard where prisoners walk from the outside; Another source said that sometimes mobile phones are difficult to be detected by machines. "Mobile phone accessories are getting smaller and smaller, and some of them contain very little metal, so that they can hardly be detected"; At the end of July this year, a prison guard in Nanterre was also charged and suspended for allegedly smuggling 10 mobile phones into the prison.

　　A senior official of the French Prison Administration (DAP) said, "We lost the ‘ The battle of mobile phones ’ " . However, in order to cope with this phenomenon, French Minister of Justice Nicole Belloubet said in January that it would spend 15 million euros (about 120 million yuan) to install mobile phone signal interference equipment, which currently has 804, but only 10% are in use; The department also plans to install 50,000 fixed telephones in the cells so as not to cut off the contact between prisoners and their relatives, and hopes to help prisoners reintegrate into society. (Overseas Network/Liang Yi)

　　The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward a new topic of "strengthening the long-term ruling ability of the Party" for the first time, emphasizing the need to continuously strengthen the Party’s "political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organization and social appeal", which marked the new achievements and breakthroughs in the construction of the Party’s ruling ability in theory and practice.

　　At present, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core is uniting and leading the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to fight a general war against COVID-19. The positive results achieved in the prevention and control work have once again demonstrated the party’s outstanding political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organization and social appeal; Answered the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s "why can", "why can" and "why is good" with facts again; Once again, it shows that in the new era, China will continue to overcome difficulties and obstacles, overcome difficulties and challenges, and successfully achieve the grand goal of becoming a socialist modernization power under the support of its strong ruling ability.

　　First, effectively control the overall situation of fighting the "epidemic" — — Highlight outstanding political leadership

　　In the face of the sudden and nationwide struggle against the COVID-19 epidemic, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has set up the backbone and held the steering wheel for the whole party and country, laying a strong political foundation for the struggle against the epidemic to always advance in the right direction.

　　First, an efficient decision-making system against "epidemic" was established.At the first time, the CPC Central Committee made a decision that The Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) directly led the response to the new pneumonia epidemic. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader personally commanded, listened to the epidemic report in time, went deep into the grassroots to visit and investigate, quickly followed up the epidemic trend, fully controlled the epidemic situation, made major arrangements efficiently, and promoted the overall development of the "epidemic".

　　Second, the anti-epidemic command system was effectively constructed.At the first time, the CPC Central Committee set up a leading group to deal with the pneumonia epidemic in novel coronavirus, and vigorously strengthened the unified command of the national epidemic prevention and control; At the same time, a central steering group was set up to go deep into Wuhan to guide and supervise the implementation of the relevant instructions of the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader and the central decision-making arrangements, strengthen the leadership of the main battlefield prevention and control, coordinate and solve major issues, and inspectors do not act or take responsibility for problems; The State Council established a joint prevention and control mechanism consisting of 32 departments at the first time. According to wartime requirements, it strengthened overall coordination, production organization and resource scheduling to meet the immediate needs of epidemic prevention and control; All provinces, cities, departments and units have also set up anti-epidemic leading groups, guidance groups and inspection teams. The establishment of a top-down, efficient and closely integrated command system has effectively guaranteed the rapid transmission and efficient implementation of the central top-level decisions.

　　Third, an anti-epidemic implementation system has been effectively constructed.Under the unified leadership and command of the CPC Central Committee, Party committees and governments at all levels resolutely follow the central decision-making arrangements and command orders, and fully assume the main responsibility for epidemic prevention and control. The country has quickly formed an implementation system that focuses on the first level, keeps the first level, and implements it at all levels, horizontally to the edge and vertically to the end; Leading cadres at all levels, especially the principal responsible persons, have effectively promoted the comprehensive formation of an efficient pattern in accordance with the mission requirements of guarding the soil, taking responsibility for guarding the soil, and doing their duty, fundamentally ensuring that top-level decision-making, command and instructions can quickly see action, epidemic stocks can quickly bottom out, and prevention and control measures can quickly achieve results. At the same time, the "last mile" of epidemic prevention and control was opened, which consolidated the foundation for the implementation of political leadership.

　　Second, effectively unify the anti-epidemic pace — — Highlight the leading power of outstanding thought

　　In the face of the complicated background of fighting the epidemic, it is urgent to unify the thoughts inside and outside the Party and the pace of the people of the whole country in a timely and effective manner, and comprehensively gather the positive energy of the fight against the epidemic, so as to provide a strong ideological guarantee and an inexhaustible source of power for effectively promoting the central decision-making and deployment. Since the fight against "epidemic", the CPC Central Committee has continuously consolidated the ideological foundation of overcoming difficulties together, gathered the positive energy of unity, and created a positive public opinion atmosphere.

　　First, give play to the leading role of the core ideas of leadership.The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader delivered the spirit, instructed the instructions to deliver the requirements, conducted on-site investigation and deployment, met with foreign guests and delivered positive information by telephone. A series of important expositions have a decisive effect on the rapid unification of thoughts, firm belief in victory and cohesion of will power throughout the country.

　　The second is to give play to the leading role of functional departments.The central and state organs, party committees and governments at all levels, in accordance with the instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee, quickly followed up and made professional macro guidance and promoted implementation opinions, effectively played the leading role of functional departments, promoted the rapid implementation of the anti-epidemic thought of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, and promoted the formation of a healthy atmosphere for the people of the whole country to unify their understanding, standardize their behavior, start from me and take immediate action.

　　The third is to give play to the leading role of public opinion front thought.Since the fight against the "epidemic", the CPC Central Committee has given full play to the unique function of the public opinion front in ideological guidance, coordinated online and offline, domestic and international, major and minor issues, and launched three-dimensional public opinion propaganda and information dissemination in time. By propagating typical examples, inspiring morale, clarifying facts, distinguishing right from wrong, penetrating rumors and responding to concerns, a positive public opinion atmosphere has been created and positive energy has been condensed for the overall situation of the fight against "epidemic". The public opinion front acts comprehensively, takes the initiative to attack, respects the facts, conforms to the law, and guides quickly, efficiently and scientifically, which not only plays the role of leading the carrier of thought, but also provides strong support for the formation of ideological synergy.

　　Third, build a defense line against "epidemic" efficiently — — Highlight outstanding mass organization.

　　The struggle against "epidemic disease" is a people’s war without smoke. Whether the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the overwhelming majority of the people can be mobilized is directly related to the ultimate success or failure. Since the fight against the "epidemic", the CPC Central Committee has given full play to its ability and advantages in organizing, mobilizing and rallying the masses, and has built an organizational system of central organizations, local organizations and grass-roots organizations, and built a strict and reliable line of defense against the "epidemic" by promoting the team, grasping party member and leading the masses.

　　One isPromote the team to ensure effective organization.According to the instructions of the Supreme Leader General Secretary, "Party committees and governments at all levels must fully mobilize, deploy and strengthen their work in accordance with the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee", three days after the first meeting of the Central Committee to deal with the pneumonia epidemic in novel coronavirus, the Central Committee immediately issued the "Notice on Strengthening Party leadership and providing strong political guarantee for winning the prevention and control of the epidemic" and other documents. According to the requirements of the CPC Central Committee, Quickly turned into a wartime state, switched from the Spring Festival holiday mode to the working state, took the lead in setting an example, commanding ahead, and making precise efforts, effectively shouldering the major responsibilities entrusted by the CPC Central Committee and laying an organizational foundation for winning the victory against the "epidemic".

　　The second is to grasp the strong support organization of party member.Since the fight against the "epidemic", Party organizations at all levels have actively guided and widely called on the broad masses of cadres in party member to take the lead at the critical moment and strive to be advanced models. The broad masses of cadres in party member have fully played the role of a new force and a commando in fighting the "epidemic". Effectively organizing cadres in party member has undoubtedly set an example for the broad masses of the people and provided a backbone for winning the victory against the epidemic.

　　The third is to lead the masses to expand organizational effectiveness.The organizational power of the masses is not only reflected in the effective organization of ordinary party member cadres and party member, but also in the organization of the broadest masses of the people. Since the anti-epidemic struggle, while giving full play to the vanguard and exemplary role of party member, party organizations at all levels have mobilized the people to actively fight against the epidemic through various measures and channels, and ensured that there is no "blank", "blind area" and "dead corner" in organizing the masses with pragmatic and innovative ideas.

　　Fourth, effectively unite the forces against the "epidemic" — — Highlight outstanding social appeal

　　Social appeal is embodied in the party’s influence, cohesion, mobilization and guidance on all social strata, groups and forces. Since the fight against the "epidemic", the CPC Central Committee has won the trust and support of the whole country by practicing the people-centered thinking, won the touch and support of many parties by carrying forward the great spirit of the Chinese nation, and won the understanding and support of the international community by highlighting the image of a responsible big country.

　　First, practice the people-centered thinking and win the trust and support of the whole country.Since the fight against the epidemic, the CPC Central Committee with the supreme leader as the core has issued the call of "adhering to the people-centered thinking" and "putting people’s life safety and health first" for the first time, and has set the general policy, general tone and general principle for fighting the epidemic, which has promoted the virtuous circle and efficient formation of national mobilization, national participation and national efforts.

　　The second is to carry forward the great spirit of the Chinese nation and win the touch and support of many parties.In view of the objective reality that the whole people need the support of the whole society to fight against the "epidemic", the scenes of "the country is in trouble, every man has the responsibility" and "one party is in trouble, and all parties come to the rescue" have quickly formed nationwide, and they have merged into the majestic power of "having money and making strong contributions".

　　The third is to highlight the image of a responsible big country and win the understanding and support of the international community.Since the fight against "epidemic", the CPC Central Committee has profoundly grasped the characteristics and laws of fighting the epidemic in Covid-19, and launched a series of pragmatic diplomacy and external publicity, which has been widely recognized and supported by the international community. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader not only timely introduced the "most comprehensive, strict and thorough" prevention and control measures of the China government to the world, but also conveyed to the world the belief that the people of China are "confident, capable and sure" to win the epidemic and stop the war. These important expositions and quick actions have played a great role in reaching a common understanding of the world against the "epidemic" and creating a situation in which the international community works together to fight the "epidemic".

　　Anti-epidemic practice has fully proved that "political leadership, ideological leadership, mass organization and social appeal" first put forward by the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China has strong theoretical vitality and practical guidance. Political leadership pointed out the correct direction of the struggle against "epidemic"; The leading power of thought provides a powerful spiritual force in the struggle against "epidemic"; Mass organization has consolidated the key humanistic foundation of the fight against "epidemic"; Social mobilization has created a positive environment for the fight against the epidemic. It is these four abilities that interact, influence, promote and support each other, which directly promotes the deepening of the struggle against "epidemic" and the goal of comprehensive victory.

　　(Zhou Xinmin, founder of the theory of leaders’ core competence)

In many people’s impression, western food represents advanced food, and it costs a lot of money to eat a meal.

But there is a restaurant that completely breaks the price barrier.

When you come here and open the menu, you can’t help but exclaim: this is too cheap.

Especially in the face of the rising high prices around, it is unbelievable to look at more than a dozen pieces of pasta on the menu.

Don’t forget that this is still a first-tier city. .

This is the charm of Italian restaurant Saizeriya, which will always impress you with its price.

Compared with other fast food restaurants, Saizeriya is different.

Someone looked up the menu of Saizeriya in 1990s and found that the price more than 20 years ago was twice as expensive as it is now.

In the past 17 years since its opening, Saizeriya has taken a civilian route, focusing on low prices, which has become the western food enlightenment for many children in China.

But Saizeriya’s low price can’t be achieved overnight, and there’s a lot of brain behind it.

Western food "Shaxian snack"

The first time I went to Saizeriya, it was difficult to combine the "Italian restaurant" on the signboard with the rough decoration and humble location.

But when you go in and eat before you come out, no one can escape the law of "real fragrance"

A frequent visitor to Saizeriya said:

I always thought I liked Italian food, until I traveled around Italy last year, only to find out that I only liked Saizeriya.

So popular, knife elder brother summed up two reasons.

1. There has been no price increase for twenty years.

Looking through Saizeriya’s menu, you will find a fact: How has it not changed much in the past twenty years!

Seeing that milk tea has changed from a few dollars to 20 or even 30, Saizeriya still looks so kind.

Unlimited refills for drinks of eight yuan each;

You can eat all kinds of pasta for more than ten yuan, which is much more cost-effective than cooking at home:

Feel free to eat more than 20 pieces of pizza, or 9 inches:

Raist raistlin

More than 40 pieces of red wine to drink casually:

Raist raistlin

Is it cheap? It’s too cheap.

Even if you go through all the items on the menu, the price is affordable, which is only available in Saizeriya.

No wonder some people say that ordering food in Saizeriya is like going back to ten years ago.

Moreover, this price is not a noisy dining environment, but a moment of leisure.

With low price and good environment, it is simply a famous product in the catering industry, the gospel of the student party, and some people even commented that this western restaurant is either for making money or doing charity!

What Saizeriya? Let’s just call it the Virgin Mary.

2, so cheap, can it be delicious?

As the saying goes, cheap goods are not good.

This was put on Saizeriya, and knife elder brother disagreed.

If it’s just cheap, it won’t allow Saizeriya to expand more than 1,000 in the world. In the final analysis, it’s a price war, and customers pay for it, or it’s cost-effective.

Look at this material, which is also very abundant. Squid, shrimp and scallop can realize the freedom of seafood in minutes.

What kind of bicycle is needed at such a price with such ingredients?

There is a saying that Pisa Leah is not as cheap as it is delicious, and the price that is more delicious than it is very expensive. In the same gear, Saizeriya won completely.

Over the years, Saizeriya not only took a look on the Internet with the help of price circle powder, but also found that 80% of the consumers went for the taste of Saizeriya.

Anyone who has eaten Saizeriya later became the "tap water" of this western restaurant. No matter where he is, he misses Saizeriya’s mouth.

In particular, garlic snails and roasted vanilla five-eye intestines are simply classics in the classics, the childhood memories of countless people.

Cheap and delicious, just like the soul label of Saizeriya, it is firmly imprinted in customers’ minds.

But it’s hard not to guess, how did such a low price, coupled with real raw material processing, last for 47 years without going bankrupt?

This has to mention the story behind Saizeriya.

Saizeriya, is there a mine at home?

Many people don’t know that Saizeriya is actually a Japanese catering company.

The founder’s name is Masahiko Masahiro, who founded the Italian restaurant in Saizeriya in 1973. It is said that when the boss was in college, he vowed to open a cheap Italian restaurant chain, and his dream really came true.

▲ Masahiro Tahiko

The reason why it is so cheap has a lot to do with the founder.

1. Who said that delicious food should be expensive?

At that time, Saizeriya was just a small western-style restaurant with only 36 seats in Kawaguchi, Chiba Prefecture.

When Mr. Masahiro Takahiko inherited this restaurant, because it was located above the vegetable market, there were few visitors.

There are also a large number of vegetables piled up at the entrance of the ladder, which further affects the business of the restaurant. After he took over the restaurant, he made up his mind: "Anyway, I want customers to cross the mountains of vegetables and come upstairs for dinner."

Mr. zhengyuan thinks that the high price is the main reason for the decrease of guests, so he reduces the price of dishes to 70% of the original price.

This move has obviously led to the growth of restaurant performance, and even customers queue up.

After a long time, the low price of the restaurant he runs has become a signboard.

He was convinced that "really good things should be cheap and delicious."

Relying on the low price strategy, Saizeriya successfully opened the market.

2, for the sake of efficiency, the kitchen fights.

Generally speaking, the better an enterprise develops, the cost control will be neglected, but Saizeriya is not.

Knife elder brother felt that Saizeriya’s cost savings can be summarized in several points.

The first is laziness.

As an enterprise, Saizeriya is too lazy to cook without a kitchen knife.

Cooking by what? Central kitchen.

Pre-processing all dishes through the central kitchen, and then sending semi-finished products to nearby stores can reduce the time cost.

Moreover, the function of the chef is greatly reduced, and only trained employees can engage in standardized operations. Greatly reduced labor costs and saved time for customers.

It takes only 9 minutes and 58 seconds to process and serve on the spot and complete 15 dishes.

Even the site selection, Saizeriya is too lazy to choose the location, and he will choose the closed restaurant stores, decorate them casually, ensure cleanliness and comfort, and start business.

Followed by essence.

Saizeriya is responsible for the cultivation of ingredients, the production and processing, and the store cooking.

Therefore, it can be speculated that the overall model of Saizeriya is probably: the place of production is taken out-processed in the central kitchen-sent to the store.

What do you mean, fat water doesn’t flow from outsiders? This is it.

Finally, the province.

Saizeriya’s low price depends on everyone’s saving.

The Japanese once filmed a program to unveil Saizeriya’s low-priced The Secret Behind.

For example, mopping the floor, such a common and simple thing, is calculated by efficiency here in Saizeriya.

This mop is equipped with an automatic water dispenser, and water can flow out of the mop with a light press. One to two, save a lot of time to wash the mop! The compressed time is just enough to go to the kitchen to help.

There is also a lot of knowledge in the waiter’s service.

Saizeriya has done a special test, and it is much more efficient for employees to serve food with their hands than trays.

And the homemade tomato cutter, placed directly in the middle, can be cut neatly and beautifully in five seconds.

On the whole, Saizeriya’s process operation stunned other entrepreneurs.

And this is also the most powerful proof to keep the price low and ensure the quality.

In addition, Saizeriya has an indicator called "turnover per hour", which is the turnover realized by an employee in one hour.

Saizeriya attaches great importance to improving this index, because as soon as the "man-hour turnover" goes up, the number of customers handled by each employee will increase accordingly, and it can be maintained with less manpower.

It is worthy of being an Italian "Shaxian snack" that has stood for 47 years in a row. Not everyone can control the cost like this.

Because of this, Saizeriya has also been vomited by some diners.

Saizeriya, don’t be too happy.

Because of this processing method of pre-finished products, it is actually the operation of reheating quick-frozen products.

It is essentially impossible to adjust the taste of customers.

▲ After-kitchen pre-finished product processing

In other words, Saizeriya has been training customers to adapt themselves.

As a catering industry, consumers and businesses usually try to adjust their tastes to each other, but Saizeriya, like a love rat, is unwilling to make changes for each other.

One more thing, too few people know about Saizeriya. Because to save money, all kinds of endorsements and event marketing are not available. Therefore, residents of cities without Saizeriya have never heard of it.

These are knife elder brother’s worries. On the whole, Saizeriya’s advantages are still stronger than others.

In particular, compared with the restaurants in Babela, which used to compete with it, it has long declined, and some of them may have never heard of it after 00.

Babela is also an Italian restaurant opened in China. It was founded in Shanghai in 2005 and has more than 200 stores nationwide.

At that time, there was usually a long queue at the entrance of Babela!

But now it’s hard for you to find its store.

One of the main reasons for bankruptcy is that the eyes are superior and the eyes are inferior.

When there were a large number of customers, Babela was impatient and began to raise prices to highlight his own style.

However, because the food itself is a third-rate taste, we must position the price of Michelin for ourselves.

Customers are not fools, and they can choose Pizza Hut or other western restaurants at the same price. Over time, how Babela didn’t exist is almost forgotten by everyone.

This gave Saizeriya more room for development and made up for the shortage of this gear.

During the epidemic, Saizeriya opened three stores in succession, with a 50% discount. And it is planned to open 300 stores in Guangdong Province within five years.

Compared with other restaurants, Saizeriya is simply a mudslide, standing firm in the market at a low price.

Look at Yoshinoya, who couldn’t stand it before. He is also a Japanese chain restaurant with the same expansion model, but he closed hundreds of stores overnight and lost more than 600 million yuan.

The reason is the service retrogression. Inadequate staff training, casual ordering, slow serving speed, and decreased food quality, which is expensive and not delicious.

You see, once the service and quality cannot be guaranteed, even if you are famous again, you will be abandoned by the market.

Therefore, even in Saizeriya, which is famous for its cost performance, knife elder brother should give a vaccination. Don’t float, remember your initial heart.

References:

1. Wuxi Raiders: "It’s 0202, Wuxi is known as the" Shaxian County of Italy ",and the price still stayed ten years ago! ? 》

2. Eating goods in Guangzhou: "During the epidemic period, there is no price increase and there is a discount. Saizeriya, why don’t you go out of business?" ! 》

3. Why Shenzhen: "Why, Saizeriya has not closed down? ! 》

4. Shan Renxing, "Italian Shaxian snacks opened by the Japanese: thousands of stores around the world, making profits for 36 consecutive years! 》

5. Not related to the research institute "How did the Italian Shaxian snack opened by the Japanese conquer China?"

Original title: "Why hasn’t the most local western restaurant in China closed down? 》

Read the original text

Zhu Yawen plays Zhu Zhanji.

Tang Wei plays Sun Ruowei.

　　Directed by Zhang Ting and starring Tang Wei, Zhu Yawen, Deng Jiajia and Qiao Zhenyu, the historical drama "Daming Fenghua" is being broadcast solo on Youku Video. The play is adapted from the novel Chronicle of the Six Dynasties, which tells the story that the monarch and ministers of the Ming Dynasty started a prosperous period of more than half a century after the Jingnan Battle in the first year of Yongle.

　　In the previous episodes, Zhu Yawen and Tang Wei interacted tacitly, and Zhu Yawen would "flirt" and Tang Wei would be green. Many viewers expected "Xuande CP" to distribute sugar as soon as possible. Last night, when Zhu Yawen was interviewed by the media, he called "my heart is too tired": "My character has been guessing whether she loves me or not all her life."

　　Cynicism is a protective color.

　　In the play, Zhu Yawen plays Zhu Zhanji, Emperor Xuande. He is naturally free and easy to play, and he is both civil and military. "He is the most popular grandchild in this family, and he is also a person with emotional twists and turns." Zhu Zhanji, who shouted, "I’ll stir it up first", was full of aura, and then he and Sun Ruowei, played by Tang Wei, tested each other in the restaurant. There was a black belly in the romantic atmosphere, and the bridge of humming a tune at the bow showed a romantic temperament.

　　In the play, Zhu Zhanji was evaluated by Sun Ruowei as "wasp waist mantis leg"; Outside the play, netizens disliked Zhu Yawen’s appearance as more like the father-in-law of Dongchang than the emperor’s grandson, and was also rated as "the factory spirit in the factory" by netizens. Zhu Yawen asked humorously: "My mother?" # Zhu Yawen, my mother? # Immediately boarded the hot search list.

　　For the presentation in the play, Zhu Yawen explained: "In fact, this is the protective color of Zhu Zhanji. Although he has always been sheltered by his grandfather, he is still under the supervision of other elders in the ruling and opposition circles, and he has to survive in a somewhat cynical state." Therefore, Zhu Yawen deliberately used frivolous tone in his later dubbing. "Only when he is weak can he survive in front of this group of strongmen, which is my understanding of this role.".

　　"Rival" Qiao Zhenyu is the biggest opponent.

　　"Ming Fenghua" is the first time that Tang Wei appeared in a costume TV series. Before shooting, she specially studied the history and culture of Ming Dynasty and the pronunciation of various lines. "I was very surprised by her overall presentation inside." Zhu Yawen praised Tang Wei’s performance. The two had worked together in the film "Golden Age" before, and the tacit understanding of cooperation remained the same this time. Zhu Yawen said with a smile, "It’s very handy to lift it".

　　The two met in an arrest, and the daughter’s body was discovered and the assassination method was uncovered. Sun Ruowei was at a loss in front of Zhu Zhanji, who was in control of everything, like a "lamb to be slaughtered". However, Zhu Yawen revealed that their relationship development is not as "strong men and weak women" as it seems: "At first, Zhu Zhanji approached Ruowei with a seemingly romantic side, in fact, he wanted to get some information he needed. But from the whole drama, my character has been guessing whether she loves me or not all her life, and her heart is too tired. "

　　The "third party" between them is Xu Bin, played by Qiao Zhenyu. He has always loved Sun Ruowei warmly and forbearingly, and accompanied her all her life as a brother, think tank and backer. This "rival in love" was regarded by Zhu Yawen as the biggest rival in the play, and he said with a smile: "Xu Bin is a man who has been emotionally involved for a lifetime. I am very uncomfortable to ask Qiao Zhenyu to play. He is ‘ Four beautiful men in ancient costume ’ One, I worked with him ten years ago and he looks like this. Ten years later, he has not changed. " Qiao Zhenyu, on the other hand, revealed: "I was a serial character from the beginning to the end, accompanying the queen and dying ‘ Rival in love ’ 。”

　　"Ming dynasty family"

　　It is also grounded.

　　Different from previous historical dramas, Daming Fenghua avoids a heavy and sad perspective, and its brushwork falls on the Zhu family: the arrogant Hanwang also has a lovely side, as powerful as a prince, it will be fragile, and the emperor over 10,000 people will be worried about family affairs, but the most favored emperor’s grandson is extremely insecure … … In the grand historical background, the interests of generations of Zhu family are intertwined with daily and complex emotional entanglements, presenting the most grounded "Ming family".

　　In Zhu Yawen’s view, the characters in the play are very vivid. "The unfathomable grandfather Zhu Di, the kind-hearted father Zhu Gaochi, the brave and mighty second uncle Zhu Gaoxu, and the delicate third uncle Zhu Gaosui … … All the men in Zhujiajian are very charming. " In and out of the play, Zhu Yawen is dependent on Zhu Di, played by Wang Xueyin. "I just want to be with my grandfather. I think every minute of teacher Wang Xueyin’s performance can be fully absorbed when she is on the scene. As for why, everyone will definitely feel it when watching the play. "

The whole level of the double-row shack is divided into five levels: preface, blow to the head, dying, abyss, and power supply.

Click to view > > > Full chapter introduction for two people in a row < < <

1. Introduction of the shed chapter (portal: detailed explanation of the whole chapter of two-person trip)

Our story begins with a quarrel between a couple, who decided to divorce because they couldn’t accept each other, while their daughter in the house witnessed the whole process, holding two dolls in her hand, hoping that the two sides could get back together &hellip; &hellip;

2. Preface

Plot: While eating, parents told the girl that they were going to divorce. The little girl ran into the shed and found the title "Back of Love", hoping that her parents could get back together.

Step 3 hit the head

Plot: As soon as the camera turns, the husband and wife become dolls, and both sides are scared by this scene. Just when they are anxious, the book turns into an uncle with a beard, hoping to help them repair their broken feelings … Portal: the first customs clearance method for two people’s trip.

Step 4 be dying

Plot: After they came up, they met a vacuum cleaner damaged by Cody, and the angry vacuum cleaner blew them away. After falling to the lower floor, the book told them that if they want to see their daughter, they must climb the vacuum cleaner, so they started their adventure again … Portal: How to get through the checkpoint in pairs?

5. the abyss

Plot: After they escaped, they saw their daughter Ross, but the daughter couldn’t hear their voices, and the hammer next to them made a sound. It could help them, but they needed two people to help them rescue their friends in the toolbox, and then they got the hammer and nails …… The detailed strategy portal: How to get through the abyss of checkpoints when two people walked in a row.

Step 6 turn on the power

Plot: As a reward, the tools sent them to the daughter, but the daughter didn’t notice them. At this time, the annoying book came out again. It told them that if they wanted to see their daughter, they had to go to the upper window … Portal: How to connect the power through the checkpoint when two people walk.

At the press conference. People’s Daily Online photo by Yu Siyuan

People’s Daily Online, Zhengzhou, October 9 (Yu Siyuan) The proportion of days with excellent air quality reached 70.1%; The water quality compliance rate of drinking water sources in 61 cities, 165 counties and 1615 towns in the province is 100%; Since 2019, the province has achieved 100% safe utilization rate of contaminated farmland for three consecutive years … On October 9, this website learned from the series of press conferences of "Henan this decade" that since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Henan Province has vigorously promoted green and low-carbon development, comprehensively strengthened ecological environmental protection, made a thorough fight against pollution, and accelerated the construction of a beautiful Henan where man and nature coexist harmoniously.

Wang Chaojun, a first-class inspector of the Department of Ecology and Environment of Henan Province, introduced at the press conference that over the years, the modern governance system in Henan Province has become more sound; The ambient air quality has been significantly improved; The water ecological environment has been significantly improved; The quality of soil environment is stable and improving. In 2021, the ecological environment quality in Henan Province reached the best level since the attack on pollution prevention and control was launched.

The concentration of PM2.5 in the blue sky and clear water decreased by 41.6% compared with 2015.

It is reported that Henan Province has paid close attention to structural optimization and adjustment, eliminated 6 million kilowatts of backward coal-fired power units, banned and rectified more than 120,000 "scattered pollution" enterprises, completed 1,434 comprehensive renovation projects for industrial boilers and 17,417 unorganized emission control projects for industrial enterprises, and took the lead in carrying out "double substitution" in industries such as edible fungi and flue-cured tobacco, and all coal-fired power plants in the province achieved ultra-low emissions. In 2021, the concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the whole province decreased by 39.4% and 41.6% respectively compared with 2015.

In terms of continuing to fight the battle for clear water, Henan Province insists on "increasing good water", vigorously promotes the construction of beautiful rivers and lakes, pays special attention to the management of key rivers, implements 929 projects of "Four Rivers Treating Together", restores 4,473 mu of degraded wetlands, and continuously increases the proportion of I-III water bodies; The system planned to fight four battles: black and odorous water treatment, water source protection, global clean rivers and agricultural and rural pollution control, and completed the construction of 453 key river basin projects. The black and odorous water bodies in the built-up areas of 144 provincial cities included in the national remediation list were completely treated, and the water quality of heavily polluted rivers such as Jia Luhe, Anyang River, Tanghe River, Weihe River, Heihe River, Sanlihe River, Tangjiang River and Baohe River was significantly improved.

In addition, in order to make people feel at ease in eating and living, Henan Province implements classified management of agricultural land according to priority protection, safe utilization and strict control. Establish a list of suspected contaminated plots and contaminated plots in the province, and strengthen departmental information sharing and linkage supervision; Strict supervision and management of key supervision units of soil pollution, strengthen agricultural and rural pollution control.

The ecological win-win mother river in Henan and Shandong has gradually become a "happy river"

Previously, the Department of Ecology and Environment of Henan Province compiled a series of plans, such as the implementation opinions of Henan Province on deepening the fight against pollution, the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" of Henan Province for ecological environment protection and ecological economic development, and the ecological environment protection plan of the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province, released the discharge standards of water pollutants in the Yellow River Basin of Henan Province, and signed a compensation agreement with Shandong Province for horizontal ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin (Yulu section). In the past two years, Shandong Province has cashed in 126 million yuan of ecological compensation funds to Henan Province.

In order to coordinate the coordinated management of water resources, water environment and water ecology, and implement comprehensive management of water, air and soil pollution, Henan Province’s "one river and one policy" has treated heavily polluted rivers such as Jindi River, Mang River and Erdao River, standardized the construction of 78 city and county-level water source protection zones, and promoted the construction of 298 villages for comprehensive improvement of rural environment in an orderly manner. The coverage rate of centralized treatment of rural domestic sewage in villages where township governments are located exceeds 80%.

In addition, Henan Province has regularly carried out the Yellow River "waste removal" campaign and the investigation and rectification of environmental safety hazards of "one waste, one reservoir and one product", continuously carried out the investigation of potential risks of sudden environmental incidents in enterprises involving risks and heavy industries, industrial parks, centralized drinking water sources and tailings ponds, guided the preparation of "one river, one policy and one map" emergency disposal plans for 53 major tributaries, organized emergency drills for sudden water pollution incidents in the Yellow River basin, and greatly improved the ecological and environmental risk prevention and emergency response capabilities.

"Every year, there are more than 15,000 white swans wintering in Sanmenxia, and the ecological beauty of blue sky and white clouds, clear water and green shores, birds and flowers are increasingly presented to the people." Jiao Yuansen, deputy director of the Comprehensive Department of the Department of Ecology and Environment of Henan Province, introduced that from January to August 2022, among the 35 national examination sections in the Yellow River Basin under the jurisdiction of the province, 30 were Class I-III water quality sections, accounting for 85.7%, and the inferior V water quality sections were stably eliminated. The average annual concentration of fine particles in nine cities and one district of the Yellow River Basin decreased by 21.3% compared with 2018, and the number of excellent days increased by 27 days.

A Canal of Clear Water Delivered to the North for Sustainable Development to Create a "Henan Model" for Water Environmental Pollution Emergency.

As the head of the middle route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project and the core water source area, how can Henan ensure that "one canal of clear water will be sent to the north forever"? In 2022, Henan Province promulgated the Regulations on the Protection of Drinking Water Sources for the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in Henan Province, which guaranteed the water quality safety of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project with the strictest regulations from the political height of guarding the lifeline.

It is reported that Henan Province has established a five-level river chief organization system in the water source area and the main canal of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, defined the responsibilities and tasks of the river chiefs, and carried out joint prevention, control and treatment to provide a mechanism guarantee for the water quality protection of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

In order to strengthen the source protection, Henan Province has strengthened demonstration and guided four counties and cities in the water source area to successfully establish a national ecological civilization construction demonstration zone and a "two mountains" practice and innovation base to promote the green development of water sources.

In addition, Henan Province also organized a special campaign to protect the ecological environment in the water source protection area of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, and investigated and rectified 522 potential environmental risks.

Han Min, a second-level researcher at the Ecological Environment Department of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project of the Department of Ecology and Environment of Henan Province, said that on the basis of "one river, one policy and one map", Henan Province explored Nanyang’s practical experience in water environmental pollution emergency work and created a "Henan model", which was promoted by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment in cross-regional, long-term and multi-point environmental emergency disposal.

　　The trillions of pension investment transcripts that have received much attention have been released.

　　On September 14th, the National Social Security Fund Council issued the Annual Report on the Entrusted Operation of the Basic Endowment Insurance Fund of the National Social Security Fund Council (2020), which showed that at the end of 2020, the total assets of the basic endowment insurance fund were 1,395.085 billion yuan, and the income from the equity investment of the basic endowment insurance fund was 113.577 billion yuan, with an investment return rate of 10.95% last year, higher than the level of 9.03% in 2019.

　　According to the semi-annual report of listed companies, the reporter counted the latest shareholding roadmap of social security fund and basic endowment insurance fund respectively. From the industry distribution of the top five heavyweight stocks, social security funds still prefer finance.

　　The return on investment is 10.95%

　　The basic old-age insurance fund is a part of the balance fund of basic old-age insurance and its investment income entrusted by the people’s governments of all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) according to the Measures for Investment Management of Basic Old-age Insurance Fund issued and implemented in the State Council on August 17, 2015. According to the Measures for the Administration of Investment in Basic Endowment Insurance Funds and the entrusted investment management contracts signed by the Social Security Fund and the people’s governments of the entrusted provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), the Social Security Fund will implement separate management, centralized operation and independent accounting for the entrusted basic endowment insurance funds.

　　According to the data, in 2020, the income from equity investment of the basic pension insurance fund was 113.577 billion yuan, with an investment return rate of 10.95%, of which: realized income was 85.327 billion yuan (realized return rate was 8.50%), and the change in fair value of trading assets was 28.250 billion yuan. Since the basic endowment insurance fund was commissioned in December 2016, the accumulated investment income was 198.646 billion yuan, with an average annual investment return rate of 6.89%.

　　It is reported that the investment scope of the basic old-age insurance fund mainly includes: bank deposits, central bank bills and interbank deposit certificates; Treasury bonds, policy and development bank bonds, financial bonds with credit rating above investment grade, corporate bonds, local government bonds, convertible bonds (including convertible bonds with separate transactions), short-term financing bonds, medium-term notes, asset-backed securities, and bond repurchase; Pension products, listed securities investment funds, stocks, equity, stock index futures, treasury bonds futures. In addition, the basic old-age insurance fund can participate in the investment of major national projects and major projects through appropriate means. When key state-owned enterprises are restructured and listed, the basic endowment insurance fund can make equity investment.

　　The annual report pointed out that the Social Security Fund has formed a relatively complete asset allocation system including strategic asset allocation plan, annual tactical asset allocation plan and quarterly asset allocation implementation plan in its investment and operation. Among them, the strategic asset allocation plan determines the medium and long-term target allocation ratio and proportion range of various assets. The annual tactical asset allocation plan is to determine the allocation ratio of various assets in the year within the range of various asset ratios specified in the strategic asset allocation plan. The quarterly asset allocation implementation plan is to determine the specific quarterly implementation plan and make dynamic adjustments through the analysis of the situation and the examination of the annual asset allocation plan.

　　In terms of investment methods, the social security fund will adopt a combination of direct investment and entrusted investment to carry out investment operations. Direct investment is directly managed and operated by the Social Security Fund, mainly including bank deposits and equity investments. The entrusted investment is managed and operated by the investment manager entrusted by the Social Security Fund, mainly including domestic stocks, bonds, pension products, listed and circulated securities investment funds, stock index futures, treasury bonds futures, etc.

　　According to the annual report, at the end of 2020, the total assets of the basic old-age insurance fund were 1,395.085 billion yuan, the total liabilities were 150.627 billion yuan (mainly short-term liabilities formed in the investment and operation of the basic old-age insurance fund), and the total equity was 1,244.458 billion yuan, of which: the direct investment was 470.006 billion yuan, accounting for 37.77%; The entrusted investment was 774.452 billion yuan, accounting for 62.23%.

　　Steady investment performance

　　As the weather vane of long-term capital in the capital market, what is the investment performance of the basic endowment insurance fund?

　　On August 18th, the 2020 Annual Report of Social Security Fund was released. The National Social Security Fund is a national social security reserve fund, which is used to supplement and adjust social security expenditures such as endowment insurance during the peak period of population aging. The National Social Security Fund consists of central budget allocation, state-owned capital transfer, fund investment income and funds raised in other ways approved by the State Council.

　　By the end of 2020, the total assets of the social security fund were 2,922.661 billion yuan, the investment income of the social security fund was 378.660 billion yuan, and the investment return rate was 15.84%. Among them, the realized income was 204.574 billion yuan (realized rate of return was 9.58%), and the fair value change of trading assets was 174.086 billion yuan; Since the establishment of the Social Security Fund, the average annual investment return rate is 8.51%, and the accumulated investment income is 1,625.066 billion yuan.

　　Compared with the index performance, at the end of 2020, the Shanghai Composite Index closed at 3,473.07 points, an increase of 13.9%; Shenzhen Component Index closed at 14,470.68 points, up 4,039.91 points or 38.7% from the end of last year.

　　Compared with the investment income of insurance funds, some market statistics show that in 2020, the investment income of insurance funds on stocks and securities investment funds totaled 310.1 billion yuan. Among them, the rate of return of insurance investment securities investment funds is 12.2%, and the rate of return of investment stocks is 10.87%.

　　The data shows that the total net investment income of listed insurance companies in 2020 was 481.656 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 10.03%; The total investment income increased by 14.20% to 585.634 billion yuan.

　　List of Awkwardness Stocks Released

　　Recently, the semi-annual report of listed companies has been disclosed, and the latest shareholding roadmap of social security funds and basic endowment insurance funds has also surfaced.

　　According to the reporter’s statistics, at the end of the second quarter, the social security fund held the highest market value of Agricultural Bank of China (601288.SH), reaching 71.3 billion yuan, with 23.5 billion shares. From the industry distribution of the top five heavyweight stocks, social security funds still prefer finance.

　　In terms of basic endowment insurance funds, in terms of the number of shares held, Focus Media has the largest number of shares in the first half of the year, with a shareholding of 133,594,900 shares; Judging from the stock market value, the market value of Renfu Medicine’s positions reached 1,324,672,800 yuan.

　　In addition, insurance funds are also one of the weathervanes of long-term funds in the capital market. According to statistics, at the end of the second quarter, China Life Insurance held the highest market value, reaching 654.8 billion yuan, with 19.3 billion shares.

　　In order to promote the pilot project of mortgage loan for farmers’ housing property rights in accordance with the law, According to the spirit of "Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Piloting the Management Right of Rural Contracted Land and Mortgage Loan for Farmers’ Housing Property Rights" (Guo Fa [2015] No.45) and "Decision of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) on authorizing the State Council to temporarily adjust and implement relevant laws and regulations in 232 pilot counties (cities, districts) such as Daxing District in Beijing and 59 pilot counties (cities, districts) such as Jixian County in Tianjin", The "Interim Measures" (Annex 1) and "List of pilot counties (cities, districts) for mortgage loans of farmers’ housing property rights" (Annex 2) are hereby printed and distributed to you, please conscientiously implement them according to the actual situation.

　　Annex: 1. Interim Measures for the Pilot Project of Mortgage Loan for Farmers’ Housing Property Rights

　　2. List of pilot counties (cities, districts) for mortgage loans of farmers’ housing property rights.

　　China people’s bank CBRC CIRC

　　Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Land and Resources, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development

　　March 15, 2016

　　Annex 1

　　Interim measures for the pilot project of mortgage loan for farmers’ housing property rights

　　Article 1 In order to promote the pilot project of mortgage loans for farmers’ housing property rights in accordance with the law, increase effective financial support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of borrowers, These measures are formulated in accordance with policies and regulations such as "Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Piloting the Management Right of Rural Contracted Land and Mortgage Loan for Farmers’ Housing Property Rights" (Guo Fa [2015] No.45) and "Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on authorizing the State Council to temporarily adjust and implement relevant laws and regulations in 232 pilot counties (cities, districts) such as Daxing District in Beijing and 59 pilot counties (cities, districts) such as Jixian County in Tianjin.

　　Article 2 The term "mortgage loan for farmers’ housing property rights" as mentioned in these Measures refers to a loan that is issued by a banking financial institution (hereinafter referred to as the lender) to eligible farmers’ housing owners (hereinafter referred to as the borrower) with the farmers’ housing ownership and the right to use the homestead as collateral without changing the nature of the homestead ownership, and repays the principal and interest within the agreed period.

　　Article 3 The term "pilot areas" as mentioned in these Measures refers to the counties (cities, districts) explicitly authorized by the Decision of the NPC Standing Committee on authorizing the State Council to temporarily adjust and implement the relevant laws and regulations in the administrative areas of 232 pilot counties (cities, districts) such as Daxing District in Beijing and 59 pilot counties (cities, districts) such as Jixian County in Tianjin.

　　Article 4 Where a borrower applies for a loan with the ownership of farmers’ housing and the right to use the homestead as collateral, it shall meet the following conditions at the same time:

　　(1) Having full capacity for civil conduct and no bad credit record;

　　(two) there is no dispute about the ownership of the mortgaged house and the right to use the homestead, and it has the ownership certificate issued by the relevant government departments according to law, which is not included in the scope of land acquisition and demolition;

　　(3) The borrower shall have other long-term and stable living places except the peasant houses used for mortgage, and be able to provide relevant certification materials;

　　(four) the collective economic organization where it is located agrees in writing that the right to use the homestead shall be mortgaged and disposed of together with the farmers’ housing.

　　If the farmers’ houses are mortgaged, the written consent of other co-owners shall also be obtained.

　　Article 5 The mortgage loan of farmers’ housing property rights obtained by the borrower shall be given priority for legal purposes recognized by the lender, such as agricultural production and operation.

　　Article 6 The lender shall make overall consideration of the borrower’s credit status, loan demand and repayment ability, the ownership of the house used for mortgage and the value of the right to use the homestead, and reasonably and independently determine the mortgage rate and actual loan amount of the farmer’s housing property right mortgage loan. Lenders are encouraged to appropriately increase the loan mortgage rate for borrowers who are honest and trustworthy, supported by financial discount, agricultural insurance or farmers’ housing insurance.

　　Article 7 Lenders shall refer to the benchmark interest rate of the same period and grade published by the People’s Bank of China, and determine the interest rate of farmers’ housing property mortgage loan reasonably and independently in combination with the actual situation of borrowers.

　　Article 8 The lender shall reasonably and independently determine the loan term by taking into account the borrower’s age, loan amount, loan purpose, repayment ability and the conditions of farmers’ houses and homesteads used for mortgage.

　　Article 9 Lenders and borrowers can determine the value of house ownership and homestead use right fairly, justly and objectively by entrusting a third-party real estate appraisal agency for appraisal, self-appraisal by the lender or negotiation between the two parties.

　　Article 10 Lenders are encouraged to actively innovate credit products and service methods according to the needs of borrowers, simplify loan procedures, strengthen loan risk control, and comprehensively improve the quality and efficiency of loan services. In addition to the loan interest rate agreed in the mortgage contract of farmers’ housing property rights, other borrowing costs shall not be increased in addition or in disguise.

　　Article 11 Both borrowers and lenders shall, according to the provisions of the pilot areas, handle mortgage registration of house ownership and homestead use right at the real estate registration institution determined by the government in the pilot areas.

　　Article 12 If the borrower fails to perform the due debts or needs to exercise the mortgage right according to the circumstances agreed by the borrower and the borrower, the lender shall, in combination with the actual situation in the pilot area, cooperate with the government of the pilot area to dispose of the collateral through loan restructuring, orderly settlement, real estate sale or auction, etc., and the proceeds from the disposal of the collateral shall be given priority by the lender. In principle, the transferee’s scope should be limited to the relevant laws and regulations and the scope stipulated by the State Council when selling or auctioning the mortgaged farmers’ houses.

　　Article 13 The governments in the pilot areas should accelerate the registration and certification of the investigation on the ownership of houses and the right to use homesteads within their administrative areas, and actively organize and do a good job in the formulation of benchmark land prices for collective construction land, value evaluation, collateral disposal mechanism and other supporting work.

　　Article 14 Governments in pilot areas are encouraged to set up risk compensation funds for farmers’ housing property mortgage loans, which are used to share loan losses caused by force majeure such as natural disasters and protect farmers’ basic housing rights and interests during the period of collateral disposal, or to give appropriate interest subsidies to farmers’ housing property mortgage loans according to local financial resources, so as to enhance lenders’ lending incentives.

　　Fifteenth pilot areas are encouraged to provide guarantees for farmers’ housing property rights mortgage loans through government guarantee companies.

　　Article 16 The branches of the People’s Bank of China in the pilot areas should increase the support for re-lending agriculture to lenders who have achieved good results in carrying out mortgage loans for farmers’ housing property rights.

　　Article 17 The banking supervision institution shall make overall research, reasonably determine the calculation rules and incentive policies on the risk weight, capital provision and loan classification of farmers’ housing property rights mortgage loans, and support financial institutions to carry out farmers’ housing property rights mortgage loans.

　　Eighteenth insurance supervision and management institutions should speed up the improvement of agricultural insurance and farmers’ housing insurance policies, and provide credit support for borrowers by exploring various ways such as developing farmers’ housing property rights mortgage loan guarantee insurance business.

　　Nineteenth pilot working groups in each pilot area should strengthen overall coordination, rely on the actual division of responsibilities, and do a solid job in organizing the implementation, follow-up guidance and summary evaluation of pilot organizations within their jurisdiction. During the pilot period, the provinces will form an annual pilot summary report at the end of each year, which should be sent to the pilot steering group in the name of the provincial people’s government before the end of January each year (postponed in case of holidays).

　　Article 20 Branches of the People’s Bank of China shall strengthen pilot monitoring, business guidance and evaluation summary together with banking supervision institutions and other departments. The pilot counties (cities, districts) shall submit quarterly summary reports and policy suggestions, which shall be summarized by the branches above the sub-provincial city center branch of the People’s Bank of China in conjunction with the banking regulatory bureau and submitted to the office of the pilot steering group within 20 working days after the season, and printed and sent to all members of the steering group.

　　Article 21 All banking financial institutions may, in accordance with the relevant provisions of these Measures, formulate the management system and detailed rules for the implementation of farmers’ housing property rights mortgage loans, and send a copy to the People’s Bank of China and banking supervision and management institutions.

　　Twenty-second for farmers’ housing property rights to provide guarantees for others’ loans, can be implemented with reference to these measures.

　　Article 23 These Measures shall be interpreted by the People’s Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the relevant member units of the pilot steering group.

　　Article 24 These Measures shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

　　Annex 2

　　List of pilot counties (cities, districts) for mortgage loans of farmers’ housing property rights

　　

province

Pilot counties (cities, districts)

Tianjin

Jixian county

Shanxi province

Yuci District, Jinzhong City

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Horinger County and Ulanhot City

Liaoning province

Tieling County, kaiyuan city

Jilin province

Jiutai District, Changchun City

Heilongjiang province

Lindian County, founder county County and Dumont County.

Jiangsu Province

Wujin District, Yizheng City and Sihong County, Changzhou City

Zhejiang Province

Yueqing, qingtian county, Yiwu and Ruian.

Anhui province

Jinzhai County, Xuanzhou District of Xuancheng City

Fujian Province

Jinjiang City, Gutian County, Shanghang County, shishi city

Jiangxi province

Yujiang county County, Huichang County and Wuyuan County.

Shandong Province

Feicheng City, Tengzhou City, Wenshang County

Henan Province

Hua county, lankao county.

Hubei province

Yicheng City and Jiangxia District of Wuhan City

Hunan province

Liuyang City, leiyang city, Mayang County

Guangdong Province

Wuhua County and Lianzhou City

　　

Guangxi autonomous region

Tianyang county

Hainan province

Wenchang City, Qiongzhong County

Chongqing

Jiangjin district, Kaixian and Youyang counties.

Sichuan Province

Luxian County and Pixian CountyPengshan District, Meishan City

Guizhou Province

Jinsha County and Meitan County

Yunnan Province

Dali City, Qiubei County and Wuding County

Xizang Autonomous Region

Qushui county

Shaanxi province

Pingli County, Gaoling District of Xi ‘an City

Gansu province

longxi county

Qinghai province

huangyuan county

Ningxia autonomous region

pingluo xian

Xinjiang autonomous region

Yining city

What do you know about recyclables?

What is recyclable?

Recyclable materials are renewable resources, which refer to unpolluted, recyclable and recyclable wastes in domestic garbage, mainly including waste paper, waste plastics, waste metals, waste glass and waste fabrics.

Details of recyclables

01

Waste paper

Undisturbed paper products, such as cartons, cardboard, newspapers, books, paper, envelopes, advertising leaflets, express packaging boxes, etc.

Pay attention! Pay attention! When you want to throw away the packaging of beverage boxes and milk boxes and let them become garbage, be sure to rinse them clean.

02

Waste plastics

Plastic products without other impurities, such as beverage bottles, mineral water bottles, shampoo and bath bottles, edible oil drums, milk bottles, plastic bowls and basins, foam plastics, etc.

03

Scrap metal

Metal products whose whole or main body is metal, such as cans, metal packaging boxes (cans), pots, kettles, metal tableware, metal knives, metal racks, waste wires, etc.

04

Waste glass

Glass products without other impurities, such as seasoning bottles, wine bottles, vases, glass tableware, glasses, door and window glass, coffee table glass, glass handicrafts, etc.

05

Waste fabrics

Textile products that are not contaminated and have recycling channels, such as clothes, bags, bedding, curtains, etc.

Easily confused items

In life, some items are not recyclable, such as napkins, toilet paper and other water-soluble papers, wet wipes, plastic wrap, disposable paper cups, ultra-thin plastic bags, etc., which should be put into other trash cans.

In addition, some items that can be recycled by themselves should be put into other garbage after being polluted because they no longer have recycling value.

In order to reduce the difficulty of residents’ initial sorting, items that are not clear about whether they belong to recyclables can be put into other garbage first! This is also beneficial to the purity and recycling of recyclables.

Requirements for putting recyclable materials in.

The generated recyclables should be put into the blue recyclable bucket, or put into the intelligent recycling box, or contact the recycling personnel for home recycling. In the community with waste clothes recycling bins, residents can separate the waste clothes and put them in.

At the same time, residents should do:

1, when put should be put down gently;

2. Recyclable materials should be clean and dry to avoid pollution;

3. Waste paper should be as flat as possible, and cartons should be opened and flattened before being put into use;

4, three-dimensional packaging (all kinds of bottles, cans, boxes, etc.) before delivery, should empty the contents, try to clean, squashed after delivery;

5. Recyclable materials that are easily damaged or have sharp corners should be wrapped and put into use.

Cold knowledge of life: you can sell it for money.

Meat waste is recyclable waste.

Garbage classification creates beauty together.

HAN LU

Original title: "Garbage Classification? What do you know about recyclable garbage? 》

Read the original text