(Decree No.26 of the State Education Commission on March 9, 1996)

Chapter I General Principles

　　Article 1 This Regulation is formulated in accordance with the Education Law of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant education laws and regulations in order to strengthen the standardized management of primary school contents, comprehensively implement the education policy and comprehensively improve the quality of education.

　　Article 2 The primary schools referred to in these Regulations are institutions established by the government, enterprises, institutions, social organizations, other social organizations and individual citizens to carry out general primary education for children.

　　Article 3 Primary schools shall implement compulsory primary education.

　　The length of schooling in primary schools isSix or five years. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, according to the actual situation, determine the length of schooling for primary schools within their respective administrative areas.

　　Article 4 Primary schools should implement the policy that education must serve the socialist modernization, and must be combined with productive labor to train builders and successors of the socialist cause with moral, intellectual and physical development.

　　Article 5 Primary education should be connected with pre-school education and junior high school education. On the basis of school education, education and teaching activities should be implemented to make the educated lively and actively develop and lay the foundation for junior high school education.

　　Article 6 The training objectives of primary schools are:

　　Initially, he has the thoughts and feelings of loving the motherland, people, labor, science and socialism; Abide by social morality, collective consciousness and civilized behavior habits; Good will, character and lively and cheerful personality; Self-management and ability to distinguish right from wrong.

　　Have the basic knowledge and skills of reading, writing, expressing and calculating, know some common sense of life, nature and society, have the ability of initial observation, thinking, hands-on operation and learning, and develop good study habits. Learn the methods of reasonable exercise and physical maintenance, form the habit of paying attention to hygiene, and have a healthy body and initial environmental adaptability. Has a wide range of interests and a healthy interest in beauty.

　　Article 7 The basic teaching language in primary schools is Chinese. Schools should promote the use of Putonghua and standardized characters.

　　Schools that mainly recruit minority students can use the spoken and written languages commonly used by their own ethnic groups or local ethnic groups for teaching, and should offer Chinese language courses at appropriate grades according to the actual situation.

　　Eighth primary schools implement the principal responsibility system, and the principal is fully responsible for the school administration.

　　In rural areas, the principal responsibility system of central primary schools can be implemented according to the situation.

　　Ninth primary schools in accordance with the principle of "hierarchical management, division of responsibilities", the implementation of education under the leadership of the local people’s government.

Chapter II Admission and Student Status Management　

　　Tenth primary school enrollment has reached the age of ten.Children who are 6 years old can be postponed to 7 years old in areas where conditions are not available. Primary schools start in autumn.

　　Primary schools should, in accordance with the provisions of the Compulsory Education Law and its detailed rules for implementation, organize school-age children in service areas to enter the school on time and without examination under the leadership of the local government. The service area of primary schools shall be determined by the competent administrative department of education.

　　Eleventh primary schools adopt the class teaching system, and the organizational form of classes should be single, and those who do not have the conditions can also adopt double. The number of places in teaching classes shall not exceed45 people is appropriate.

　　The school scale should be conducive to education and teaching, to students’ physical and mental health, to management and to improving the efficiency of running a school.

　　Twelfth primary school students who are unable to continue their studies due to illness (must have the certificate of designated medical units) may be allowed to suspend their studies after being approved by the relevant departments. Students who have been out of school for more than three months can be enrolled in the corresponding grades according to their actual academic level and after consulting their parents or other guardians.

　　Primary schools that apply for transfer due to the change of household registration and are approved by the relevant education administrative departments to meet the requirements shall be properly placed in time and shall not refuse without reason.

　　Primary school students who apply for schooling in the place where they are not registered for any reason may be allowed to borrow if they meet the requirements after examination by the relevant departments, and may charge a borrowing fee according to the relevant provisions.

　　Thirteenth primary schools should comprehensively evaluate students from moral, intellectual and physical aspects. We should do a good job in counseling students with learning difficulties and actively create conditions to gradually abolish the repetition system. Where the repetition system is still implemented at this stage, it is necessary to create conditions to gradually reduce the proportion of students who repeat grades and reduce the number of times they repeat grades.

　　Primary schools will issue graduation certificates to those who have completed the prescribed courses and passed the grades; Those who fail will be issued with a certificate of completion, and the graduation grade will not be repeated. For those who have not completed the primary school curriculum, but have completed the compulsory education period stipulated by the local government, an associate degree certificate will be issued.

　　Fourteenth primary school students with excellent academic performance who have reached the academic level of higher grades in advance may be allowed to advance to the corresponding grades and report to the competent education department for the record.

　　Article 15 Primary schools shall commend students with excellent academic performance, criticize and educate students who have made mistakes, and give warnings, serious warnings and demerits to a few students who have made serious mistakes.

　　Primary schools may not expel students.

　　Sixteenth primary schools should prevent students who have not finished compulsory education for a specified number of years from dropping out of school. If they find that students have dropped out of school, they should immediately report to the competent authorities and cooperate with relevant departments to resume their studies according to law and do a good job.

　　Seventeenth specific measures for the management of primary school student status shall be formulated by the provincial education administrative department.

Chapter III Education and Teaching Work

　　Article 18 The main task of primary schools is education and teaching. All other work should be based on the principle of being conducive to the development of education and teaching.

　　Nineteenth primary schools should carry out education and teaching in accordance with the curriculum plan and syllabus issued by the national or provincial education administrative departments.

　　In the teaching work of primary schools, we should give full play to the overall functions of subject courses and activity courses, and provide students with moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetic and labor education to lay the foundation for their all-round development.

　　Twentieth primary schools should actively carry out education and teaching research, use educational theory to guide education and teaching activities, and actively promote scientific research achievements and successful experiences.

　　Twenty-first primary schools should put moral education in an important position, the principal is responsible, the teaching staff participate, teach and educate people, manage and educate people.

　　School education should be combined with family education and social education.

　　Twenty-second primary schools should set up a class teacher in each class, who is responsible for managing and guiding the class work. Teachers in charge of class should keep close contact with teachers in all subjects and parents of students, understand the situation of students’ thoughts, morality, behavior and studies, and coordinate and cooperate with students in implementing education.

　　The head teacher should write comments according to the students’ behavior every semester.

　　Twenty-third primary schools should give priority to positive education for students, affirm achievements and progress, point out shortcomings and deficiencies, and must not be sarcastic and rude, and corporal punishment and disguised corporal punishment are strictly prohibited.

　　Twenty-fourth primary school teaching should be oriented to all students, adhere to the principle of aptitude, and give full play to the main role of students; We should attach importance to basic knowledge teaching and basic skills training, stimulate interest in learning, and cultivate correct learning methods and habits.

　　Twenty-fifth primary schools should arrange school work in accordance with the school calendar promulgated by the administrative department of education. Primary schools are not allowed to suspend classes at will. If it is necessary to suspend classes under special circumstances, it shall be decided by the principal within one day and reported to the county education administrative department for the record. One day or more and three days or less shall be approved by the people’s government at the county level.

　　Primary schools may not organize students to participate in commercial celebrations, performances and other activities, and participation in other social activities should not affect the teaching order and the normal work of schools.

　　Twenty-sixth primary schools should arrange their schedules reasonably. Students spend no more than five or six years in school for education and teaching activities every day.6 hours, other grades should be reduced appropriately. Students are not allowed to make up classes or take new classes after class, at night and on holidays.

　　The content of homework after class should be carefully selected, the difficulty should be moderate, the quantity should be appropriate, and the relevant regulations should be strictly implemented to ensure the students’ academic burden is appropriate.

　　Twenty-seventh textbooks used in primary schools must be approved by the state or the provincial textbook approval department authorized by the state. Experimental teaching materials and local teaching materials must be approved by the relevant education administrative departments before they can be used.

　　Primary schools shall not require or uniformly organize students to purchase all kinds of learning guidance materials. It is necessary to strengthen guidance for students to use learning tools.

　　Twenty-eighth primary schools should evaluate the teaching quality in various forms according to the requirements of curriculum plan and syllabus. At the end of the semester, the examination subjects are Chinese and mathematics, and other subjects pass the usual examination to evaluate their grades.

　　The primary school graduation examination is made by the school (in rural areas, it is made by the township central primary school under the guidance of the county-level education administrative department), and the examination subjects are Chinese and mathematics.

　　Schools should establish scientific standards for comprehensively evaluating the quality of education morally, intellectually and physically, and should not rank classes and students by examination results, and take them as the only standards for measuring teaching quality and evaluating teachers’ teaching work.

　　Twenty-ninth primary schools should pay attention to physical education and aesthetic education.

　　Schools should strictly implement the laws and regulations on school physical education promulgated by the state, and enhance students’ physique through physical education class and other forms of physical activities. Schools should ensure that students have one hour of physical activity every day.

　　Primary schools should give good music and art lessons, and other disciplines should also give play to the function of aesthetic education from the characteristics of their own disciplines. Aesthetic education should combine students’ daily life, put forward aesthetic requirements such as dress, appearance, language and behavior, and cultivate healthy aesthetic taste.

　　Thirtieth primary schools should strengthen labor education for students, cultivate students’ thoughts of loving labor, loving the working people and cherishing the fruits of labor, cultivate their ability to engage in self-service, housework, public welfare labor and simple productive labor, and form working habits.

　　Article 31 Primary schools should strengthen the guidance of students’ extracurricular activities, pay attention to contact with students’ families, children’s palaces (homes, stations) and youth science and technology museums (stations) and other extracurricular activities, carry out beneficial activities, and arrange students’ extracurricular activities in accordance with the relevant provisions of the education administrative department.

Chapter IV Personnel Work　

　　Thirty-second primary schools can set up principals, vice principals, directors, teachers and other personnel according to the establishment.

　　Article 33 The principal of a primary school is the person in charge of school administration. The headmaster should have the qualifications stipulated by the state and be appointed or employed by the higher authorities of the school setters or setters; The vice president and the director of teaching (general affairs) are nominated by the principal and appointed or employed according to the relevant provisions and procedures. Primary school principals set up by non-government should be reported to the competent education administrative department for the record.

　　Principals should strengthen the study of educational policies, regulations and educational theories, strengthen their self-cultivation, improve their management level and manage the school according to law. Its main responsibilities are:　

　　(a) to implement the national education policy, implement the education laws and regulations and the instructions and regulations of the education administrative department, follow the laws of education, and improve the quality of education;

　　(B) to formulate the development of the school

　　(three) follow the relevant laws and policies of the state, pay attention to the construction of teaching staff. Relying on teaching staff to run the school well and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests;

　　(4) Give full play to the leading role of school education, and strive to promote the coordination of school education, family education and social education, and cooperate with each other to form a good educational environment.

　　Thirty-fourth primary school principals should fully respect the democratic rights of teaching staff and listen to their opinions and suggestions on school work; Teaching staff should obey the leadership of the principal and conscientiously complete their own work.

　　Teachers’ opinions and suggestions on school work can be directly reflected to the competent authorities when necessary, and no organization or individual may obstruct them.

　　Thirty-fifth primary school teachers should have the qualifications prescribed by the state, enjoy and perform the rights and obligations prescribed by law, abide by professional ethics, and complete the education and teaching work.

　　Thirty-sixth primary schools should strengthen the management of teachers, implement the system of teacher qualification, position and appointment according to the relevant provisions of the state, and establish and improve the professional assessment files. It is necessary to strengthen teachers’ ideological and political education and professional ethics education, and establish professionalism. Excellent teachers who conscientiously perform their duties should be rewarded.

　　Thirty-seventh primary schools should attach importance to teachers’ continuing education, formulate teachers’ further education plans, and actively create conditions for teachers’ further education. Teachers’ further education should be based on the needs of school work, focusing on on-the-job, self-study and teaching subjects.

　　Thirty-eighth other primary school personnel should have the corresponding political and professional qualities, and their specific qualifications and responsibilities shall be formulated by the education administrative department or school according to the relevant provisions of the state.

Chapter V Administrative Work　

　　Thirty-ninth primary schools can set up institutions or personnel in charge of educational affairs, general affairs, etc. according to the scale, to assist the principals in doing the relevant work (grade groups can also be set up in larger schools), and their specific responsibilities shall be formulated by the schools.

　　Article 40 If a primary school is large in scale, a school affairs committee convened by the principal and attended by the heads of various departments may be established to study and decide on major issues of the school.

　　Forty-first primary schools should establish a staff (representative) assembly system, and strengthen democratic management and supervision. The general assembly can be held regularly, without a permanent body.

　　Article 42 the Communist Party of China (CPC) plays a political core role in the organization of primary schools. Principals should rely on the Party’s school (local) grass-roots organizations and give full play to the role of trade unions, the Communist Youth League, the Young Pioneers and other organizations in school work.

　　Forty-third primary schools should establish and improve educational research, business files, financial management, safety work, learning, meetings and other systems.

　　Schools should establish a roster of staff, students and other statistical tables, and report them to the education administrative department of the competent department on a regular basis.

　　Forty-fourth primary schools should accept the inspection, supervision and guidance of the administrative department of education or the competent department at a higher level, and truthfully report their work and reflect the situation.

　　At the end of the school year, the school should report to the education administrative department or the superior competent department, and major issues should be reported at any time.　

Chapter VI School Buildings, Equipment and Funds

　　Article 45 The conditions and funds for running a primary school shall be provided by the school sponsors. Its standards are formulated by the provincial people’s government.

　　Primary schools should have school buildings, venues, facilities, teaching instruments and books and materials that meet the prescribed standards.

　　Forty-sixth primary schools should comply with the relevant provisions of the management and use of school buildings, venues, etc., without the approval of the competent authorities, shall not change their use.

　　It is necessary to carry out regular repairs and maintenance of school buildings, and immediately stop using dangerous buildings when they are found, and report them to the higher authorities. For the act of encroaching on school buildings and sites, the school can report to the higher authorities of the infringer according to law until it brings a lawsuit to the people’s court.

　　Primary schools should do a good job in campus construction planning, purification and greening, beautify the campus, do a good job in campus culture construction, and form a good educational environment.

　　Forty-seventh primary schools should strengthen the management of teaching instruments, equipment, books, recreational and sports equipment and health facilities, establish and improve the system, and improve the efficiency of use.

　　Forty-eighth public primary schools are free of tuition fees, and can appropriately collect miscellaneous fees. Primary school fees should be strictly in accordance with the charging items formulated by the provincial people’s government and the standards and measures formulated by the people’s governments at or above the county level.

　　Forty-ninth primary schools can hold school-run industries according to relevant regulations, and organize teachers and students to work and study from the actual situation of the school. It is strictly forbidden to apportion money and materials to students instead of work-study programs.

　　Primary schools can accept social donations according to the relevant provisions of the state.

　　Article 50 Primary schools should scientifically manage and rationally use school funds, improve the efficiency of use, establish and improve the fund management system, and submit the budget and final accounts to the school affairs committee or the staff congress for deliberation, and accept the supervision of the financial and auditing departments at higher levels.　

Chapter VII Health Care and Safety

　　Fifty-first primary schools should conscientiously implement the relevant state regulations and policies on school health work, and establish and improve the school health work system. There should be a special person in charge of this work (schools with conditions should set up a school doctor’s office), and students’ health cards should be established to experience regularly or irregularly according to conditions.

　　Fifty-second primary school environment, school buildings, facilities, books, equipment, etc. should be conducive to the physical and mental health of students, and the arrangement of education and teaching activities should conform to the physiological and psychological characteristics of students.

　　It is necessary to continuously improve the school environmental sanitation and teaching hygiene conditions, carry out health education, cultivate students’ good hygiene habits, and prevent infectious diseases, common diseases and food poisoning.

　　Fifty-third primary schools should strengthen school safety work, carry out safety education according to local conditions, and cultivate teachers and students’ self-help and self-care ability. Where students are organized to participate in cultural and sports activities, social practice, outings and labor, proper preventive measures should be taken to ensure the safety of teachers and students.

Chapter VIII School, Family and Society　

　　Fifty-fourth primary schools should establish community education organizations with streets, villagers’ committees and nearby organs, organizations, troops, enterprises and institutions, mobilize all sectors of society to support school work, and optimize the educational environment. Primary schools should also give full play to their own advantages and serve the spiritual civilization construction of the community.

　　Fifty-fifth primary schools should take the initiative to establish contact with students’ families, and use parents’ schools and other forms to guide and help parents to create a good family education environment.

　　Parents’ committees can be set up in primary schools to make them understand the school work, help schools solve the difficulties encountered in running schools, and reflect the opinions and suggestions of parents of students.

　　The parents’ committee works under the guidance of the headmaster.

Chapter 9 Other things

　　Fifty-sixth rural central primary schools should play the role of school demonstration, teaching and research center and further education base under the guidance of the county education department, and promote the overall improvement of the quality of local primary education.

　　Fifty-seventh primary schools that undertake the task of education and teaching reform may, after being approved by the relevant departments, adjust some requirements in this regulation according to actual needs.

Chapter X Supplementary Provisions　

　　Article 58 A primary school shall, in accordance with the Education Law of the People’s Republic of China and these regulations, formulate its articles of association in light of its actual situation.

　　Fifty-ninth this regulation is mainly applicable to urban primary schools, rural primary schools and above, and other types of primary schools and institutions that implement primary education can refer to it.

　　The education administrative departments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may formulate implementation measures according to this regulation.

　　Article 60 These Rules shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.

　　

　　CCTV News:Following the earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 on the 4th, a strong earthquake with a magnitude of 7.1 occurred in southern California on the evening of 5th local time. At present, some areas affected by the earthquake have declared a state of emergency.

　　According to CNN, citing experts from the US Geological Survey, there have been "thousands of earthquakes of different levels" in southern California since the earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 on the 4th. To put it mildly, it is almost "one earthquake every minute or even every half minute".

　　The latest forecast of the US Geological Survey also shows that in the coming week, the probability of an earthquake of magnitude 6 or above in southern California is 27%, and the aftershock of magnitude 5 or above is more likely — — The probability is as high as 96%.

　　Seismologists say that under normal circumstances, after a strong earthquake, the magnitude of aftershocks will gradually decrease, and the situation that the magnitude of aftershocks on the 5 th in southern California is higher than that of the first earthquake on the 4 th "has a probability of only 5%".

　　The magnitude of these two strong earthquakes reached 6.4 and 7.1 respectively, which caused some roads to crack, power supply to be interrupted, water pipes to burst and houses to be displaced in the epicenter area, but no casualties were caused. Why did such a strong earthquake not cause too much damage?

　　According to American seismologists, the earthquakes from 4th to 5th were "considerable in energy". The intensity of the two earthquakes reached 8 and 9 respectively, and more than 1,400 small-scale earthquakes occurred during the two earthquakes.

　　Fortunately, the epicentre locations of these two earthquakes are basically the same, both of which are located in deserted mountainous areas, far away from densely populated residential areas, and the nearest major town is Lester, Riziq, about 20 kilometers away from the epicentre.

　　According to the live video and oral experience of local residents in Leicester, Riziq, when the earthquake struck, the shaking amplitude was not particularly large, which lasted for about 30 seconds to 40 seconds. Most of the supermarket shelves did not collapse, but the goods on the shelves were scattered all over the floor. After the 5 th earthquake, the local fire department also confirmed that no houses collapsed after inspection. The most serious building loss was only cracks in the wall.

　

　　CCTV News:Russia, which just announced that it will hold the largest military exercise in nearly 40 years in mid-September, has made big moves again. The Russian Defense Ministry announced that it will dispatch strategic bombers and other equipment to conduct joint air and sea exercises in the Mediterranean from September 1. From the Mediterranean to Siberia, in September this year, Russia chose to respond to the increasingly unfavorable international environment with its fists.

　　Russia successfully tested a new type of anti-missile missile. Russian media reporters watched it on the spot.

　　On August 30, the Russian Ministry of Defence announced that the Russian Air Force successfully tested a new type of anti-missile missile at the Sareshagan proving ground in Kazakhstan that day.

　　Russian Red Star TV reporter"the anti-missile missile disappeared from sight in an instant, and it can only be proved that it has been launched by the smoke of the missile. We are one kilometer away from the launcher, and the interceptor has hit the target when the roar comes. "

　　The key parameters of Russia’s exposure to anti-missile missile test are still state secrets.

　　The video released by the Russian Ministry of Defense completely records the whole process of the Air Force’s convoy transporting the whole anti-missile system to the launching position, the missile being put into the silo, and then igniting and launching. Russian Red Star TV stressed that the flight speed and range of this type of anti-missile missile are still state secrets.

　　Andrei Prikhodko, Deputy Commander of Air Defense and Anti-missile Force of Russian Air Force.A series of successful tests have proved that the new missile defense system successfully carried out the most complicated flight mission and hit the set target with absolute accuracy.

　　Russia’s new anti-missile system or key protection of Moscow

　　Although the Russian military official has never disclosed the specific model of this new anti-missile system, it is widely speculated that Russia tested an upgraded version of the active anti-missile system A-135. Although Russia has not developed an anti-missile system with both land and sea like the United States, covering the middle and final stages, the West also acknowledges that as a "shield" to protect the Russian capital Moscow, the strength of the A-135 anti-missile system cannot be underestimated.

　　When the US-Russia relationship is tense, does Russia "show its sword"?

　　In fact, at the beginning of April this year, the Russian Ministry of Defense also publicized the test site of the new anti-missile system. Some media noticed that it was just the moment when the West stepped up preparations for the use of force against Syria and the US-Russia relationship was extremely tense; Now, Russia has once again taken the initiative to disclose the picture of the anti-missile system, and the relationship between the United States and Russia has once again become tense.

　　The Russian navy’s major fleets dispatched ships to the Mediterranean to participate in large-scale exercises.

　　On August 30th, the Russian Defense Ministry announced that the Russian Navy and Air Force will hold a large-scale military exercise in the Mediterranean from September 1st to 8th. On the naval side, the Russian Northern Fleet, the Baltic Fleet, the Black Sea Fleet and the Caspian Sea Sub-fleet will all deploy ships to participate in the exercise, with a total of more than 25 ships. The participating forces at sea will be led by the guided missile cruiser Marshal Uski Novo.

　　Ten-thousand-ton cruisers lead the exercise, and reporters get close to the "killer"

　　"Marshal Uski Novo" is one of the "Glorious" class cruisers, with a full displacement of over 10,000 tons, belonging to the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy. According to the Itar-Tass news agency, the formation led by the ship set off from the base of the Northern Fleet on July 5 this year. At the end of July, it participated in the celebration of the Russian Navy Day in St. Petersburg and was reviewed by Russian President Vladimir Putin.

　　Russian Red Star TV reporter：“‘ Marshal Uski ’ This legendary behemoth has been in service for more than 30 years. At the beginning of 2010, it was sent for maintenance and upgrade. It was just upgraded in June this year, and its control system was completely updated, from analog system to digital system. However ‘ Marshal Uski ’ The core of the number is still ‘ Basalt ’ Cruise missile. This cruise missile has a range of 500 kilometers. It can fly along a very complicated trajectory, and it is difficult for enemy radar to detect them. "

　　US media: After the Cold War, Russia assembled the largest number of Mediterranean cruise missiles and attracted attention.

　　After attending the Navy Festival, the formation of "Marshal Uski Novo" went all the way south to the Mediterranean; On the way through the English Channel, the formation was also tracked and monitored by British naval destroyers. The Russian newspaper Izvestia reported that this is the largest naval force assembly of Russia in the Mediterranean since Putin ordered military intervention in the Syrian conflict in September 2015; The US "Defense News" even said that the scale of the maritime part of Russia’s Mediterranean military exercise is already the largest after the Cold War. NATO’s chief spokesman said on August 29 that Russia’s intention to assemble troops in the Mediterranean will not be speculated, but all parties in the region should exercise restraint; The spokesman also specifically mentioned that many Russian warships are equipped with cruise missiles.

　　Commanders of the two US naval fleets meet in secret to discuss how to deal with Russia.

　　The US "Stars and Stripes" disclosed on August 30 that Andrew Lewis, commander of the US Navy’s Second Fleet, and Lisa Franchetti, commander of the Sixth Fleet, held closed-door talks in Naples, Italy, on the same day to discuss how to deal with the Russian navy, which has recently become increasingly strong in the Mediterranean and other regions. On August 24th, the US Navy just held a ceremony to officially restart the Second Fleet. The second fleet, revived after seven years, will be responsible for maritime defense in the North Atlantic together with the sixth fleet.

　　The scale of Russia’s September strategic exercise or the largest military exercise in the history of the Soviet Union

　　However, Russia’s recent strength is not limited to the Mediterranean, nor is it limited to the navy and air force. In September 1981, for a total of eight days, the Soviet army held an exercise code-named "West -1981" on the Baltic coast. At that time, almost all arms and services were dispatched and used a large number of new equipment to stage the largest exercise in Soviet history. The number of tanks participating alone exceeded 10,000. Thirty-seven years later, today’s Russia says that we are going to have a bigger one.

　　Russian Defense Minister shoigu: "Nearly 300,000 officers and men will participate in almost all the training grounds in the central and eastern military regions, and the Pacific Fleet, the Northern Fleet and the Airborne Forces will participate in the exercise. Imagine that 36,000 military equipment including tanks, armored personnel carriers, infantry fighting vehicles, etc. will participate at the same time. "

　　The Russian military’s annual strategic exercise moved to Putin in the Eastern Military Region or sat on the spot.

　　According to the information previously released by the Russian Defense Ministry, the Russian military will hold a strategic exercise codenamed "Oriental -2018" from September 11 to 15. Every autumn, the Russian military holds a multi-service strategic exercise across military regions, which is hosted by several major military regions in turn: during 2014-2017, Russia held four strategic exercises, including "Oriental -2014", "Central -2015", "Caucasus -2016" and "Western -2017". If there are no special circumstances, Putin will come to the scene to take command in the final stage of the exercise.

　　Kremlin: The international environment is extremely unfriendly, and the Russian military exercise is completely justified.

　　Russian Presidential Press Secretary peskov stressed on August 29th that the current international environment is "extremely unfriendly" to Russia, so it is totally justified to test the national defense strength, and there is no other choice.

The whole level of the double-row shack is divided into five levels: preface, blow to the head, dying, abyss, and power supply.

Click to view > > > Full chapter introduction for two people in a row < < <

1. Introduction of the shed chapter (portal: detailed explanation of the whole chapter of two-person trip)

Our story begins with a quarrel between a couple, who decided to divorce because they couldn’t accept each other, while their daughter in the house witnessed the whole process, holding two dolls in her hand, hoping that the two sides could get back together &hellip; &hellip;

2. Preface

Plot: While eating, parents told the girl that they were going to divorce. The little girl ran into the shed and found the title "Back of Love", hoping that her parents could get back together.

Step 3 hit the head

Plot: As soon as the camera turns, the husband and wife become dolls, and both sides are scared by this scene. Just when they are anxious, the book turns into an uncle with a beard, hoping to help them repair their broken feelings … Portal: the first customs clearance method for two people’s trip.

Step 4 be dying

Plot: After they came up, they met a vacuum cleaner damaged by Cody, and the angry vacuum cleaner blew them away. After falling to the lower floor, the book told them that if they want to see their daughter, they must climb the vacuum cleaner, so they started their adventure again … Portal: How to get through the checkpoint in pairs?

5. the abyss

Plot: After they escaped, they saw their daughter Ross, but the daughter couldn’t hear their voices, and the hammer next to them made a sound. It could help them, but they needed two people to help them rescue their friends in the toolbox, and then they got the hammer and nails …… The detailed strategy portal: How to get through the abyss of checkpoints when two people walked in a row.

Step 6 turn on the power

Plot: As a reward, the tools sent them to the daughter, but the daughter didn’t notice them. At this time, the annoying book came out again. It told them that if they wanted to see their daughter, they had to go to the upper window … Portal: How to connect the power through the checkpoint when two people walk.

　　Zhang pinqiu

　　When each layer of forest is fully dyed, clusters of round hawthorn fruits bloom with red smiles on the branches, adding a joy to the harvest season. Hawthorn is one of the oldest and most common tree species in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, and its fruit &mdash; &mdash; Hawthorn can also be called a treasure food. Even in some important historical events in the west, it has its shadow.

　　It was regarded as wild fruit for a long time in ancient times.

　　Crataegus pinnatifida is a perennial woody plant of Rosaceae, which is native to temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, mostly wild, and has many varieties in Asia, Europe and North America. In China, there are mainly two kinds of hawthorn, namely, South Hawthorn and North Hawthorn, and there are more than 30 varieties, such as sour hawthorn, hawthorn and fat fruit. Generally speaking, Nanshan hawthorn fruit is small and sour, mainly used for medicine; The hawthorn fruit in Beishan is large, fragrant and moderately sweet and sour.

　　Crataegus pinnatifida, which originated in ancient times, was not named by this name at first in China. The "pestle" recorded in Erya two thousand years ago is considered to be the ancient name of hawthorn recorded in the early literature of China. Because in the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen quoted according to Guo Pu, a scholar in the Jin Dynasty: "Erya says: &lsquo; The tree is like a plum, its son is as big as a finger, and it is red and edible. &rsquo; This is hawthorn. " Hawthorn was also called Monkey Hawthorn and Rat Hawthorn in ancient China, because "monkeys and rats like to eat it".

　　According to ancient records, our ancestors knew that wild hawthorn could be eaten more than two thousand years ago. However, for a long time, hawthorn was only a kind of wild fruit, and it was not cultivated artificially and became the main fruit. There is no hawthorn in the 14 kinds of fruits listed in Zhou Shu and Li Ji, which are "for offering sacrifices and enjoying guests". Hawthorn was mentioned in Guang Zhi, a natural history book written by Guo Yigong in Jin Dynasty. The book said that Hawthorn: "Mu Yi is long, with a variety of salaries and fertile fields." It can be seen that most hawthorn trees were still in the wild at that time, and people occasionally collected hawthorn fruits as food to satisfy their hunger. The main use of hawthorn trees was firewood or fertilizer accumulation.

　　The main reason why hawthorn was regarded as a wild fruit for a long time in ancient times was that it was sour. In fact, the sugar content of hawthorn fruit is more than twice as high as that of apples and pears, but why do people still feel that hawthorn is much more sour than apples and pears, and it is often even "sour"? This is because the content of organic acids in hawthorn pulp is two to three times higher than that of apples and pears. The high content of organic acids dilutes the sweetness of sugar, so hawthorn tastes more sour than sweet.

　　By the Tang Dynasty, the status of hawthorn as a wild fruit had been slightly improved, and it had been given to guests as a local product by the villagers. Liu Zongyuan, a great poet, wrote in the article "Talking with the Twenty-eighth Dean Liu about the old words and feelings, and sending gifts to Lizhou": "My son gives bitter bamboo shoots, and my father gives sour hawthorn." It can be seen that its status at that time was similar to that of bitter bamboo shoots, but it was still far from the good fruits such as peaches, dates and pears. It was not until the Qing Dynasty that Beijing cake made of hawthorn, also known as golden cake, was regarded as one of the "best food in the imperial capital", and hawthorn became a regular fruit.

　　2 Spleen-invigorating and appetizing Beijing flavor food

　　The remarkable improvement of the status of hawthorn has a great relationship with the discovery of the medicinal value of hawthorn by famous doctors such as Zhu Danxi in Yuan Dynasty and Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty. "Compendium of Materia Medica" records: "Ancient prescriptions are rarely used, since Zhu’s contribution to hawthorn in Danxi, and then it became an important medicine." The utilization of hawthorn in traditional Chinese medicine mainly uses fruits. Physicians in Yuan and Ming Dynasties found that hawthorn is mild in nature, sour and sweet in taste, and enters the spleen, stomach and liver meridian, which is a good medicine for invigorating spleen and appetizing, resolving food stagnation, promoting blood circulation and resolving phlegm.

　　Hawthorn has a remarkable effect in promoting digestion and resolving stagnation. In TCM clinic, all types of food stagnation, whether it is overeating high fat, protein’s "meat accumulation" or overeating rice and flour "grain accumulation" and "area", can be eliminated by using hawthorn. Relatively speaking, the digestion effect of hawthorn is better for the "meat accumulation" caused by overeating fat and protein. In this regard, there are relevant experimental records in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Boiling old chicken and hard meat, adding a few hawthorn is easy to rot. Then it will eliminate the accumulation of meat, and the cover can be pushed. " Therefore, when we stew meat daily, we add a few hawthorn to stew it together, and the meat is particularly easy to rot. Hawthorn is not only used as a single medicine to treat diseases, but also forms various prescriptions with other Chinese medicines. For the "grain accumulation" and "area" caused by overeating rice flour, hawthorn can be made into fried three immortals or burnt three immortals with malt and medicated leaven, which can digest fullness and belching. In the "Baohe Pill" created by Zhu Danxi, a famous doctor in the Yuan Dynasty, hawthorn is the main component, and it is made into pills with Massa Medicata Fermentata, Pinellia ternata, Poria, Pericarpium Citri Tangerinae, Forsythia, and Radish Seed, which is mainly used to treat gastrointestinal dyspepsia, nausea, anorexia, food stagnation, abdominal distension and pain caused by it, and constipation. Hawthorn pill, which is commonly used to treat infantile dyspepsia, is also derived from the formula of Baohe Pill.Modern medicine has found that flavonoids in hawthorn can resist free radicals harmful to human body, thus regulating immunity.

　　After more than a thousand years of cultivation, the taste of hawthorn today is far from that of "sour hawthorn" of Liu Zongyuan at that time. In northern China, the mature maslinic acid is sweet and has a unique flavor. When eaten as a fresh fruit, it can be eaten directly to promote fluid production and quench thirst, or it can be made into fried red fruits and Sugar-Coated Berry, or it can be juiced for drinking. There are many forms of dried hawthorn, which can be directly soaked in water as a substitute for tea, and can also be processed into delicious snacks such as hawthorn slices, hawthorn cakes and fruit moutan. Hawthorn cake is also called Beijing cake or golden cake, and Beijing cake and shredded pear is a delicious and refreshing classic cold dish in Beijing cuisine. Various forms of hawthorn products not only enrich people’s taste buds, but also play a certain role in health care.

　　Although hawthorn is good, there are several points to pay attention to when eating. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that hawthorn should not be supplemented, and it should not be taken with ginseng and other supplements at the same time, so as not to offset the nourishing effect of ginseng. People with weak spleen and stomach should not eat more, and healthy people should eat it in moderation. Because of its high acidity, it is best not to eat on an empty stomach. Snacks such as hawthorn slices and cortex moutan contain a lot of sugar, so children, especially those who are changing their teeth, should not eat more. Brush your teeth and rinse your mouth in time after eating hawthorn products to avoid dental caries.

　　Hawthorn trees that influenced western history

　　Hawthorn not only has high edible and medicinal value, but also has high face value. Hawthorn trees bloom in early summer, and the flowers are as white as snow; In midsummer, the foliage is lush and the shade is covered; There are many red fruits in late autumn, and when the snow falls on the branches, it is beautiful. In Europe and North America, hawthorn is a very common greening tree species, and it has also witnessed some major events in the history of Europe and America.

　　Hawthorn trees bloom in May and June, and the flowers have a unique fragrance, with about 15 to 30 flowers in a cluster. Most of the hawthorn flowers in China are white, and most of the hawthorn flowers in Europe and America are pink and red. In Europe, Britain, France, Sweden and other countries, hawthorn flowers are called Mayflowers and hawthorn trees are called Maytrees. In rural Europe, May Festival is celebrated every year. At this time, every household will decorate the courtyard with the branches of hawthorn trees, and people will sing and dance around the "Maypole" to worship the tree god and the grain god, praying for good weather and abundant crops. "Maypole" is a hawthorn tree wrapped with ribbons, symbolizing hope and harvest. In recent years, China has introduced the British hawthorn varieties "Hongyun" and "Hongbaoluo" for flower viewing, and the flowers are bright and dazzling, adding a touch of new color to the early summer of our cities.

　　The leaves of hawthorn tree are edible. In Britain, young leaves in early spring can be used to make salads. The buds of hawthorn can also be eaten. In the English countryside, people call the tender leaves and buds of hawthorn "bread and cheese". The wood of some hawthorn varieties is very hard and very resistant to decay, and it is often used as tool handles and fence posts in rural North America. In carving, hawthorn is also the best substitute for boxwood.

　　The beautiful and practical hawthorn tree is actually very easy to feed. Hawthorn trees grow fast and can blossom and bear fruit in the third year after planting. It has a wide range of adaptation to temperature, and the annual average temperature is between 4.7℃ and 16℃, which can meet its survival needs. Hawthorn tree has strong adaptability, drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, barren resistance, good life in neutral or weak acid soil, pruning resistance, extensive management resistance, less pests and diseases, and can maintain good landscape effect even if it is left unattended for many years after planting.

　　Perhaps it is precisely because of the above advantages that hawthorn has a close relationship with some important events in western history. One of the most famous is the enclosure movement during the British industrial revolution, when people used hawthorn trees to enclosure. The British Parliament approved enclosure as a legal act in 1688. During the enclosure movement in the 18th and 19th centuries, Britain planted more than 200,000 miles of hawthorn hedges. One of the important reasons why people use hawthorn as a fence is that hawthorn grows vigorously, has many branches, takes shape quickly, has dense branches and sharp thorns, and is the most ideal fence to resist the invasion of animals and humans. The English name of hawthorn tree is Hawthorn, in which thorn means thorn. Since the enclosure movement, hawthorn hedge has become a natural hedge popular in Europe and America. In the famous Normandy military operation during World War II, French villagers planted a maze-like hawthorn hedge, which almost led to the failure of the Allied action. In 2018, the Commercial Press published a book "The Legend of Hawthorn Tree" written by American writer Bill Vaughan, which introduced in detail the important influence of this ordinary tree species on European and American history.

　　White hawthorn flower

　　thornbush

　　Pink hawthorn flower

　　4 Red fruits with rich meanings in poetry and painting

　　Hawthorn, which has a long history and is widely distributed, has also appeared frequently in literature, painting, songs and movies at all times and in all countries. Due to the different customs and histories of different ethnic groups, the symbolic meanings of hawthorn fruit and hawthorn tree are different in eastern and western cultures. However, with the deepening of globalization and increasingly frequent cultural exchanges, this difference in hawthorn images is gradually becoming smaller.

　　In China’s classical literature, hawthorn, as a wild fruit, is a symbol of tranquility, indifference and unpretentious. A poem "Singing Hawthorn" written by the monk Zhiyi is a typical one: "The branches bend fiercely with the sun setting, and the head is held high in the wind. With a smile in the leisurely years, I am indifferent to the sour fruit of life. " Lu You, a great poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, also wrote about hawthorn many times. The most popular one is "Traveling": "When you walk all the way into the valley, you are a donkey to rest in a wild family. Shan Tong bears the burden of selling red fruits, and the village girls pick blue flowers on the fence. Cooking on the bonfire will make a meal, and the spring will cook tea in the afternoon. There is no way to travel, so why not laugh? " The sentence "Shan Tong pays to sell red fruits, and the village girls pick blue flowers from the fence" outlines a colorful and dynamic pastoral scene with the method of line drawing. Lu You has mentioned "red fruit" many times in his poems, such as "red fruits are numerous and green, and they are still sour before frost", describing the hawthorn that is not yet fully mature; "When the red fruit is ripe, the clear shade is gradually becoming", which describes the hawthorn tree planted in your own yard.

　　Hawthorn is a frequent visitor in Chinese painting. Among the flower-and-bird paintings handed down from the Song Dynasty in Shanghai Museum, there is such a picture of a red fruit and a green snipe, which frames the interesting moment when the green-haired snipe flies on the branches of hawthorn. In modern times, people like Qi Baishi, Wu Changshuo, Pan Tianshou, etc. also like to draw hawthorn, so as to express a simple and plain attitude towards life.

　　In modern literature in China, the red hawthorn fruit is a symbol of love. One of the representative works of the poet Haizi is Hawthorn Tree. In Haizi’s eyes, the goddess in his heart lives on the hawthorn tree, and the fiery fruit of hawthorn is as warm as Van Gogh’s sunflower. In this century, The Love of Hawthorn Tree written by writer Amy shows beautiful and pure love, which was later put on the screen by director Zhang Yimou and became a well-known classic love movie.

　　In fact, hawthorn represents love influenced by the Soviet song Hawthorn Tree. This old song spread in China in 1950s and 1960s, and expressed a young woman’s perplexity in the face of two young men who adored her. The song has a beautiful melody and has been covered by many domestic singers. But in fact, the original Russian name of the song is "Sorbus Urals", which was translated into hawthorn tree because it has white flowers in summer and small red fruits in autumn, just like Sorbus Urals, and its popularity in China is far less than that of hawthorn. Later, Chinese people generally recognized this cultural interpretation, and hawthorn became popular as a symbol of love in China literary world.

　　In European and American cultures, hawthorn trees represent thorns and isolation, while hawthorn flowers represent hope. In 1620, in order to avoid religious persecution, more than 100 British Puritans and more than 30 sailors sailed to the New World on the ship "Mayflower", which opened the history of North America. "Mayflower" is hawthorn flower, which indicates a new world full of hope.

　　Extended reading

　　Kangxi and Cortex Moutan

　　When it comes to delicious snacks made of hawthorn, Cortex Moutan is no stranger to everyone. But you know what? It also has a legendary story in the ancient military history of China, which makes future generations sit up and take notice of this ordinary snack.

　　According to records, galdan, the leader of Junggar Department, one of the four Mongolian departments, led troops to annex the other three Mongolian departments, and made several invasions. Emperor Kangxi led a personal expedition to conquer galdan. At the front, in order to prevent information from leaking, the Qing army secretly wrote the information and instructions transmitted between Emperor Kangxi and the important generals in ink on the peony bark, rolled them into cylinders and delivered them by special personnel. After reading the information and secret orders, the generals and relevant personnel ate the cortex moutan and disappeared. In this regard, in March 1697, Gao Shiqi, a poet and calligrapher who fought in galdan with Kangxi, wrote a poem "Fruit List" on his way to Ningxia: "I am red, oily and thin, smooth and light, and my powder and wax are even. When the grass strikes, the military books are still gone, and the mouth is exhausted. " Gao Shiqi wrote in the poem’s self-note: "Hawthorn is boiled for it, which is as thin as paper, even and clean, and can be rolled up, so it is named fruit list, which tastes sweet and sour and quenches thirst." It is said that after reading the poem "Fruit List", Kangxi thought it was very appropriate and praised "Yi Se Yi Wei, Da Xin Da Qing".

　　"Oil fist" and "powder wax" written in Gao Shiqi’s poems are famous high-quality tissue paper names in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty respectively, which are used to describe the cortex moutan used to write intelligence secret orders. It’s not hard to imagine, on the March of camping in the wind, after eating these fruit moutan, not only will the thirsty mouth immediately produce saliva and moisten, but also the operational information and secret orders will be wiped out. At that time, the ink used for writing was mainly made of ash from burning pine trees. This kind of pine ash is also a kind of traditional Chinese medicine. According to Compendium of Materia Medica, it has the effects of "stopping bleeding, generating skin and treating alloy sores". The so-called "alloy sore" means promoting the healing of wounds caused by metal knives and guns. Therefore, writing military intelligence with cortex moutan and pine ash was really wonderful at that time.

　　Tasty story

　　The origin of Sugar-Coated Berry

　　When it comes to the most popular hawthorn food, of course, Sugar-Coated Berry is the only one. The bamboo stick wears a bunch of hawthorn, dips it in the fiercely cremated ice syrup, and when it cools naturally, it is bright red in the crystal, crunchy, sour, sweet and sticky, which is the unique winter memory of northern children.

　　There is a folklore about the origin of Sugar-Coated Berry. According to legend, during the Southern Song Dynasty, after a banquet, Song Guangzong’s beloved princess suddenly got a strange disease, abdominal pain, tea and rice, and her body became thinner. In the DPRK, all the doctors believed that this was caused by physical weakness, and they used a lot of supplements, but they did not get better. In desperation, the court posted an imperial list to the society to recruit famous doctors for diagnosis and treatment. A walking doctor unveiled the list and went to the palace to treat the imperial concubine. After feeling the pulse, he said, "The imperial concubine’s illness is not serious. Just cook it with hawthorn and rock sugar, and eat five or six tablets every meal." Sure enough, the princess’s appetite gradually improved after eating, and it didn’t take long to restore her former appearance. Later, the practice of hawthorn spread to the people, and the people put it on one by one to make today’s street food &mdash; &mdash; Sugar-Coated Berry.

　　This edition of pictures: vision china, IC Photo.