How much do you know about recyclable garbage?

What do you know about recyclables?

What is recyclable?

Recyclable materials are renewable resources, which refer to unpolluted, recyclable and recyclable wastes in domestic garbage, mainly including waste paper, waste plastics, waste metals, waste glass and waste fabrics.

Details of recyclables

01

Waste paper

Undisturbed paper products, such as cartons, cardboard, newspapers, books, paper, envelopes, advertising leaflets, express packaging boxes, etc.

Pay attention! Pay attention! When you want to throw away the packaging of beverage boxes and milk boxes and let them become garbage, be sure to rinse them clean.

02

Waste plastics

Plastic products without other impurities, such as beverage bottles, mineral water bottles, shampoo and bath bottles, edible oil drums, milk bottles, plastic bowls and basins, foam plastics, etc.

03

Scrap metal

Metal products whose whole or main body is metal, such as cans, metal packaging boxes (cans), pots, kettles, metal tableware, metal knives, metal racks, waste wires, etc.

04

Waste glass

Glass products without other impurities, such as seasoning bottles, wine bottles, vases, glass tableware, glasses, door and window glass, coffee table glass, glass handicrafts, etc.

05

Waste fabrics

Textile products that are not contaminated and have recycling channels, such as clothes, bags, bedding, curtains, etc.

Easily confused items

In life, some items are not recyclable, such as napkins, toilet paper and other water-soluble papers, wet wipes, plastic wrap, disposable paper cups, ultra-thin plastic bags, etc., which should be put into other trash cans.

In addition, some items that can be recycled by themselves should be put into other garbage after being polluted because they no longer have recycling value.

In order to reduce the difficulty of residents’ initial sorting, items that are not clear about whether they belong to recyclables can be put into other garbage first! This is also beneficial to the purity and recycling of recyclables.

Requirements for putting recyclable materials in.

The generated recyclables should be put into the blue recyclable bucket, or put into the intelligent recycling box, or contact the recycling personnel for home recycling. In the community with waste clothes recycling bins, residents can separate the waste clothes and put them in.

At the same time, residents should do:

1, when put should be put down gently;

2. Recyclable materials should be clean and dry to avoid pollution;

3. Waste paper should be as flat as possible, and cartons should be opened and flattened before being put into use;

4, three-dimensional packaging (all kinds of bottles, cans, boxes, etc.) before delivery, should empty the contents, try to clean, squashed after delivery;

5. Recyclable materials that are easily damaged or have sharp corners should be wrapped and put into use.

Cold knowledge of life: you can sell it for money.

Meat waste is recyclable waste.

Garbage classification creates beauty together.

HAN LU

Original title: "Garbage Classification? What do you know about recyclable garbage? 》

Read the original text

CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection first reported that the typical problems of environmental accountability involved harsh wording in six provinces and cities.

  Not long ago, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection informed and exposed six typical problems of accountability for ecological environmental damage, involving six provinces and cities of Tianjin, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Chongqing and Gansu, and the number of people notified reached more than 40. It is worth noting that this is the first time that the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection has reported on typical issues of accountability in this field.

  "The main leaders of local party committees and governments at all levels are the first responsible persons for ecological environmental protection in their respective administrative areas. All relevant departments should fulfill their responsibilities for ecological environmental protection, so that all departments have the responsibility to defend the soil, do their duty, and work together and work together." "For those leading cadres who damage the ecological environment, we must really pursue responsibility, dare to pursue responsibility, and strictly pursue responsibility, so as to achieve lifelong accountability." In May this year, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed at the National Ecological Environmental Protection Conference that we should resolutely fight the tough battle of pollution prevention and control, and pointed out that leading cadres who damaged the ecological environment should be seriously held accountable.

  Supervise discipline and accountability, and guard green mountains and green hills. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core has attached great importance to ecological environmental protection, all relevant departments have cooperated to promote ecological environmental protection work, and the central and discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels have strengthened supervision and accountability, providing a strong disciplinary guarantee for implementing the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee and promoting ecological environmental protection work.

  Form political consciousness and strengthen re-supervision of supervision

  In the circular, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection sternly pointed out that the responsible comrades in these places and units have low political stance, lax and untrue work style, weak awareness of ecological environmental protection, erroneous views on political achievements that attach importance to economic benefits and neglect environmental protection, and prominent problems of formalism and bureaucracy, which have led to the long-term failure to effectively solve the environmental pollution problem strongly reflected by the masses, and the ineffective investigation and punishment of violations of ecological environmental protection policies and regulations, seriously deviating from the central decision-making and deployment, infringing on the vital interests of the masses and restricting the sustainable development of the economy and society.

  Why do environmental protection problems reflect the low political position and untrue style of leading cadres? "The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized at the National Ecological Environmental Protection Conference that the ecological environment is a major political issue related to the mission and purpose of the party and a major social issue related to people’s livelihood." Cai Zhiqiang, deputy secretary of the Party Committee and secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission of China Institute of Discipline Inspection and Supervision, analyzed, "Eco-environmental protection is not a simple business issue, but a major strategic deployment of the CPC Central Committee. Leading cadres at all levels should improve their political positions and whether they perform their duties and responsibilities for environmental protection work is directly related to whether they conscientiously implement the decision-making arrangements of the CPC Central Committee."

  At the same time, the circular also pointed out that it is a major political task for discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels at present and in the future to implement the spirit of the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary and provide strong discipline guarantee for fighting the tough battle against pollution.

  Party construction experts believe that this is the faithful performance of the duties entrusted by party constitution by the discipline inspection and supervision organs. “‘ Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets ’ The concept was written in party constitution, and party constitution made it clear that the main tasks of the party’s discipline inspection organs are to safeguard the party’s constitution and other internal party laws and regulations, check the implementation of the party’s line, principles, policies and resolutions, and assist the party’s committees in promoting comprehensive and strict governance of the party, strengthening party style construction, and organizing and coordinating anti-corruption work. " Cai Zhiqiang said, "The accountability of the discipline inspection and supervision organs for supervision and discipline in the field of ecological and environmental protection can be said to be checking the implementation of the party’s principles and policies, and also assisting the party Committee to promote the comprehensive and strict management of the party."

  In practice, the discipline inspection and supervision organs are stepping up the accountability of supervision and discipline in the field of ecological environmental protection to protect the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, since the central environmental protection inspector was launched, discipline inspection and supervision organs at all levels have cooperated with the inspectors of the central environmental protection inspector group to keep a close eye on violations of laws and regulations in the environmental protection field; On the other hand, various localities have also introduced policies and measures to further clarify the responsibilities and working methods of discipline inspection and supervision organs in the field of ecological and environmental protection. For example, the Supervision Committee of the Beijing Municipal Commission for Discipline Inspection incorporated the key work of environmental governance into the important content of two-level inspections in urban areas; If the Supervision Committee of Hainan Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection has investigated and verified the ecological and environmental protection department and required accountability according to the regulations, it is required to intervene at the first time.

  "Here, it is necessary to distinguish the responsibilities of the discipline inspection and supervision organs and the environmental protection departments. The environmental protection departments conduct business inspections on ecological and environmental issues in the front line, while the discipline inspection and supervision organs supervise and inspect the performance of relevant departments in environmental protection, which is the re-supervision of supervision." Party construction expert analysis.

  Strictly investigate corruption cases and strengthen supervision over key areas and key links of environmental protection.

  What areas of environmental protection system are prone to corruption? A notice can be seen in a glimpse: In February 2015, the former Ministry of Environmental Protection notified 13 cases of violations of laws and regulations by environmental protection personnel in 6 provinces, and many leading cadres were jailed for using their positions to make profits and accept bribes. By analyzing these 13 cases, it can be found that key areas such as environmental assessment approval, law enforcement supervision, solid waste management, environmental monitoring, and approval of special funds declaration have become prone to corruption.

  The relevant person in charge of the Discipline Inspection and Supervision Team of the State Supervision Commission of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in the Ministry of Ecology and Environment said in an interview with the website of the State Supervision Commission of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection that there are three main characteristics of corruption cases investigated and dealt with in the country in recent years: First, major corruption cases mainly occur in important business areas such as environmental approval, project fund allocation, environmental law enforcement, environmental monitoring and solid waste management; Second, the amount involved is relatively large. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, cases involving more than 10 million yuan have occurred from time to time, which has a bad social impact. Third, there are many cases in the local environmental protection system, and there are many cases of group corruption, some of which have worsened the political ecology of one party.

  Judging from the trend analysis, the person in charge believes that, on the one hand, with the comprehensive and strict administration of the party, serious corruption cases are generally declining. Taking 2017 as an example, the number of people in environmental protection departments suspected of committing crimes transferred to judicial organs decreased by 40% compared with 2016, and the national environmental protection system has achieved remarkable results in comprehensively administering the party strictly; On the other hand, problems such as "micro-corruption" and "four winds" are still outstanding. During the disciplinary review, the discipline inspection and supervision organs found that "micro-corruption" problems, such as human supervision, human law enforcement, profit from supervision and assessment, and eating and taking cards, private use of buses, accepting banquets and other hidden violations of the spirit of the eight central regulations and inaction are still outstanding. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the number of people in environmental protection departments who have been lightly punished by Party discipline has been increasing year by year, with an average annual increase of 61%.

  "The investment in eco-environmental engineering construction will continue to increase, and the risk of clean government in law enforcement and engineering will be significantly improved." The person in charge stressed that we must attach great importance to this, adhere to both the symptoms and the root causes, effectively reduce the stock of corruption, and resolutely curb the increase of corruption.

  Party construction experts said that in view of the characteristics of corruption cases in the environmental protection system in recent years, the discipline inspection and supervision organs should strengthen supervision over key areas and key links, and form a shock to hell to pay, who violates discipline and law; Relevant departments should also improve the loopholes in the system and further reduce the space for corruption in the fields of environmental examination and approval, project fund allocation and environmental protection law enforcement.

  Strong accountability and hard accountability, and promote the responsibility of ecological environmental protection.

  "The ecological environment has obviously improved, and the determination, strength and effectiveness of promoting ecological civilization construction have never been greater. The prevention and control actions of air, water and soil pollution have achieved remarkable results." The Central Economic Work Conference held in December 2017 summed up the ecological and environmental protection work in the past five years. In the joint effort to achieve such results, serious accountability is indispensable.

  In March this year, the second batch of seven provinces and cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Hubei, which accepted the central environmental protection supervision, made public the accountability of the cases handed over by the inspector group, with a total of 1048 people accountable. Liu Youbin, spokesperson of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, said that seven provinces and cities paid attention to investigating leadership responsibility, management responsibility and supervision responsibility, especially highlighting leadership responsibility, which played an important role in continuously strengthening the awareness of environmental protection responsibility of local party committees and governments.

  Practice has proved that the key to whether the responsibility of ecological environmental protection can be implemented lies in leading cadres. Behind some major ecological and environmental incidents, there are often problems of irresponsible inaction of leading cadres, problems of weak environmental awareness, inadequate performance of duties and lax enforcement, and problems of inadequate enforcement and supervision of environmental protection departments.

  With the continuous improvement of the central government’s requirements for the construction of ecological civilization, the improvement of environmental protection laws and regulations and the enhancement of people’s awareness of environmental protection, the responsibility for damage to the ecological environment has also been continuously strengthened: in March, 221 people in Hubei Province were seriously held accountable for damage to the ecological environment; In May, Changchun reported six typical cases of accountability in the field of environmental protection; In May, Chengdu reported five typical cases of accountability in the field of ecological environmental protection … …

  At the same time, the system construction has been continuously improved: in August 2015, the Central Office and the State Council issued the "Measures for Investigating the Responsibility of Party and Government Leading Cadres for Ecological Environment Damage (Trial)", which used the system to guide and standardize the use rights of leading cadres and drew a red line of responsibility for leading cadres in the field of ecological environment; In December 2016, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council issued the "Measures for Evaluation and Assessment of Ecological Civilization Construction Goals", clarifying that if the evaluation and assessment results are distorted due to malpractice for personal gain, false reporting, tampering with data, and falsification of information, the discipline inspection and supervision organs and organizations (personnel) departments shall seriously investigate the responsibilities of relevant units and personnel in accordance with relevant regulations.

  Various localities have also introduced measures to strengthen the accountability of discipline inspection and supervision organs in the field of environmental protection, such as Hunan’s new regulations on the responsibility of environmental protection and the measures for investigating the responsibility of major environmental problems (incidents); Sichuan has made clear the system of "lifelong investigation" of the responsibility for ecological environmental damage, and strengthened the responsibility of the party and government for ecological environmental protection.

  "The vitality of the system lies in its implementation, which is inseparable from the great attention of party committees and governments at all levels. Discipline inspection and supervision organs, organization (personnel) departments and relevant regulatory departments do their respective duties, form joint efforts, and pursue responsibility to the end." Cai Zhiqiang said.

Be wary of "selling in fake uniforms"! Another fake product from disregard for human life.

  CCTV News:Fire extinguisher is a common fire-fighting product. In the early stage of a fire, choosing a suitable fire extinguisher may avoid a bigger fire and minimize the loss. However, some lawless people have taken a wrong view of the fire extinguisher, an important fire fighting equipment.

  Since November last year, the fire department of Harbin has received reports from the masses. A group of people wearing standard police uniforms went to hotels, small supermarkets and other places to carry out "fire inspection" on fire-fighting products such as fire extinguishers. After the inspection, they began to sell fire extinguishers to businesses.

  After receiving reports from the masses, the fire supervision and inspection personnel found during the inspection that the maintenance unit written on the maintenance certificate of these fire extinguishers was Jinjiang Fire Equipment Distribution Department in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province. Harbin Fire Brigade immediately retrieved the list of third-class qualified enterprises in Heilongjiang Province, and found that there was no such enterprise named Jinjiang Fire Equipment Distribution Department in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province.

  Subsequently, when firefighters sampled these fire extinguishers and took them to the National Fire Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center for testing, it was found that the dry powder in the fire extinguishers could not meet the requirements of fire extinguishing at all, and the pressure in some fire extinguishers did not meet the national standards at all, which was an unqualified product.

  The fire department reported the findings to the Harbin Public Security Bureau. After the public security department took surveillance video and visited and investigated, the whereabouts of the two suspects were found.

  Subsequently, the police confirmed the appearance and activity track of the suspects Sun and Zhu through further interviews and investigations. At the same time, they also found cheating tools and counterfeit fire extinguishers stored in their garages. After confirming the evidence, the police arrested two suspects.

  After investigation, the police found a large number of fire extinguishers that needed to be replaced in the suspect’s garage. In addition, dark blue uniforms, epaulettes, armbands, etc. were also found. According to the criminal suspect, the annual inspection stickers with the words "Jinjiang Fire Equipment Distribution Department, Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province" posted on the fire extinguisher were all purchased from the Internet. Since April last year, they have been engaged in this illegal act, and have made illegal profits of more than 100,000 yuan. At present, the two suspects have been detained in criminal detention and the case is still under further investigation.

Analysis: The political ecology in the Middle East is beyond recognition, and the road to Arab revival is difficult.

Although the upheaval in the Middle East continues, the "Arab Spring", which was full of passion and optimism, has been gradually replaced by pessimism, suspicion and anger, and even has the saying of "Arab Autumn" or "Arab Winter". It starts with a bang and ends with a scribble, which is a true portrayal of the chaos in the Middle East in the past year.

On December 17th, 2010, the self-immolation of a hawker in Tunisia triggered a "butterfly effect", which not only caused Ben Ali, who had been in power for 23 years, to step down, but also triggered an unprecedented political turmoil throughout West Asia and North Africa. Almost all Arab countries were involved in it, and several strongmen’s regimes that had been in power for decades were overthrown, and the turmoil has not been completely settled. So far, this vigorous political upheaval has been going on for a whole year, and people are still full of doubts about the related issues related to the upheaval in the Middle East, so it is necessary to make a comprehensive inventory.

The political ecology in the Middle East is beyond recognition, and different types of countries face different situations.

After experiencing the "Arab turmoil" like big waves, the political ecology in the Middle East has changed beyond recognition: Tunisia, Egypt, Yemen, Libya and other countries have changed their dynasties, the Syrian Bashar regime is facing an unprecedented severe test, and the Gulf monarchy represented by Saudi Arabia is temporarily safe and sound. In countries where political upheaval has taken place, the intensity and intensity of the turmoil are also different: there has been no major bloodshed in the alternation of political power in Egypt, Tunisia and other countries; The regime change in Libya, Syria, Yemen and other countries has evolved into a full-scale armed conflict with heavy weapons, highlighting the true nature of jungle politics.

This raises a question, which type of country is most prone to turmoil, and what causes such a huge difference in the way of regime change? According to people’s general understanding, the more advanced the regime, the more stable the political situation should be. The Republic is obviously more advanced than the monarchy, so according to this logic, the former should be more stable than the latter. However, the reality of the turmoil in the Middle East is just the opposite. Up to now, the regime in the Middle East has basically collapsed or suffered a serious crisis, while Jordan and the Gulf monarchies, which implemented the traditional monarchy and were the least optimistic in advance, have survived safely to this day. Some people think that this is related to the wealth of the country, but this cannot explain why Libya, which is also a rich country, has political turmoil and even regime change, while the Gulf countries can survive; The same poor countries, why Egypt and Yemen are in serious turmoil, while Jordan is safe and sound. Therefore, it is obviously not enough to simply explain the turmoil in the Middle East from the perspective of people’s livelihood.

Which countries in the Middle East are more prone to turmoil is directly related to their internal social and political structures. On the surface, the regimes in the Middle East countries are divided into two categories: republic and monarchy, but there is not much difference between the two regimes in terms of actual governance. If we can see the essence through the phenomenon, we can find that there are actually three types of political ruling structures in Middle East countries, and the degree of turmoil in Middle East countries is directly related to this.

The first type is the isomorphic elite rule mode in which a few elites rule the majority of the people, such as Egypt and Tunisia.

Tribes/sects in such countries are not strong in color, and there is no difference between those in power and their powerful state departments and the people on the issue of identity and ownership. Therefore, the contradiction between those in power and the people in such countries is mainly class contradiction, and the nature of regime change in such countries is relatively simple. Although the confrontation is fierce, it is not a "zero-sum game" to the death. For example, after Egypt’s Mubarak mobilized troops to enter Cairo’s Tahrir Square, the protesters welcomed the troops, and the troops refused to shoot at the people. Mubarak felt that the general situation was over and took the initiative to resign, so that the regime change in the country was completed in a bloodless way. At the same time, the Republican system of government in these countries determines that the highest power of the country belongs to the state apparatus, and both those in power and the people recognize the fact that "family inheritance" is illegal from the bottom of their hearts, so such attempts by those in power can only be half-covered and half-covered, and they are often pushed down.

The second type is the alien elite rule mode in which minority tribes and sects are in power, such as Libya, Syria, Yemen and Iraq before.

The consciousness of tribes or sects in these countries is quite distinct, most of the people in power belong to a certain tribe or sect, and most of the members of their power core circle come from the same tribe or sect, and the policy of governance also gives priority to the interests of their own tribes and sects. For example, there are hundreds of tribes in Libya, and Gaddafi’s elite armed forces and even personal guards all come from their own Kadafa tribe, and the oil interests are mainly tilted towards this tribe. There are about 200 tribes in Yemen, mainly divided into four tribal alliances. Saleh has been able to sit on the presidency for more than 30 years precisely because he comes from the most powerful "Hashed" tribal alliance in Yemen.

This specific social and political structure makes those in power form a "concentric circle" sectarian tradition and the rules of the game. They are endlessly and unconditionally loyal to their own people, but have no sympathy for people and regions outside the tribe. They regard other tribes as their legitimate victims and can plunder or kill them at will. Reflected in real politics, it is that those in power tend to take high-handed measures against the opposition, rather than sit down and negotiate on an equal footing. In their minds, if the opposition is not suppressed, people will think that he is weak and will lose respect. This tribal opposition and violent tendency can well explain why seemingly normal political protests in these countries have rapidly evolved into deadly violent confrontation.

The third is the traditional elite rule mode, mainly hereditary monarchy countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Morocco.

In terms of political structure, the rulers of these countries include all kinds of elites in traditional society. For example, Saudi Arabia is a political marriage between the Saudi royal family and Wahhabi Sect, and its members hold important positions in various government agencies, which makes the government have strong executive power. From the perspective of economic structure, most of these countries are rich oil-producing countries, and the source of their wealth is underground resources instead of taxing the people. On the contrary, the government has to provide various benefits to the people, thus forming a kind of "asylum system" rule. As the saying goes, "no taxes, no representation", the people do not have much confidence to demand more political rights. In addition, the founding of such countries is originally a "family rule" and hereditary rule. Therefore, if people want to rise up against such regimes, they often face the double obstacles of legalism and orthodoxy. In addition, these countries "turned over a new leaf" after this round of Middle East wave, vigorously promoted reforms, and even eased the antagonism of the domestic people.

To some extent, it is precisely because of the differences in social and political structure that different types of countries in the Middle East show different viability in the "Arab turmoil".

From "Arab Spring" to "Arab Autumn": Impact Assessment of Current Middle East Turbulence

Turbulence is widespread in the Middle East countries, which is largely due to the accumulation of internal disadvantages, and has reached the point where it is necessary to change. Therefore, the "Arab turmoil tide" is not only a strong resistance to the status quo, but also an element of exploring new ways for national prosperity. In this sense, this "Arab turmoil" can indeed be called the "Arab Spring".

However, over the past year or so of turmoil in the Middle East, the effect of this kind of political exploration is obviously not satisfactory. From an economic point of view, the turmoil in the Middle East has aggravated the economic recession of these countries and may lead them into a vicious circle. According to the report released by the International Monetary Fund in October, the drastic changes in the Middle East have caused at least $55 billion in economic losses to the affected countries. Among them, Libya and Syria were the hardest hit, followed by Egypt, Tunisia, Bahrain and Yemen. The GDP of these countries has decreased by at least $20.6 billion, and the fiscal balance has deteriorated. Libya suffered the most, and the country’s economic activities basically stopped, with a GDP loss of $7.7 billion and a national financial loss of $6.5 billion. In Egypt, public expenditure increased to $5.5 billion in the first nine months of 2011, while fiscal revenue decreased by $75 million. In Yemen, riots caused losses of $858 million to government finances. In Tunisia, 80% of enterprises in the country were hit by the turmoil, which led to a sharp rise in the number of unemployed people, and now it has exceeded 700,000. At the same time, prices in the country have soared and some necessities are in short supply. The economies of Tunisia, Egypt and other countries are very dependent on tourism, and the domestic political turmoil has made many tourist attractions inaccessible, which has made the economic situation worse.

In the political field, although many countries have completed regime change, the political situation is still a mess. In Tunisia, statistics show that since March this year, there have been an average of 110 to 150 demonstrations or sit-ins and 150 to 180 traffic blocking incidents nationwide. After the completion of the parliamentary election in October 2011, the power struggle among political parties became increasingly fierce, which forced the parliament, which was sworn in shortly, to adjourn. In Libya, armed forces of different factions stationed in the capital Tripoli have clashed from time to time. In Womis, southwest of Tripoli, since December 10th, the local armed forces of Zintan and the local Mashashiya tribe have exchanged fire for three consecutive days. On December 10, the convoy of the chief of staff of the Transitional Government Army was attacked in Tripoli, and some officials accused Zintan militants of trying to "assassinate". On December 12th, the largest demonstration broke out in Benghazi after Gaddafi’s downfall. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets and shouted slogans such as "The revolution started in Benghazi and resolutely defended the fruits of the revolution" to express their strong dissatisfaction, indignation and disappointment with the "Transitional Committee". In Egypt, since the military took over the state power, domestic demonstrations still broke out frequently, resulting in casualties. Protesters, represented by youth organizations, demanded that the military hand over power as soon as possible, and held demonstrations several times to brew a "second revolution."

Middle East countries are in a "painful period" of breaking the old and establishing the new.

Middle East countries are still in chaos, partly because these countries are in a "painful period" of breaking the old and establishing the new, and it takes time and patience to return to normal. But the more important reason is that the medicine is not symptomatic. Arab countries are suffering from a "decline syndrome". Lebanese scholar Antoine Mesala once said, "There is no Arab regime that has a serious minority problem and a serious majority problem". According to the author’s understanding, the so-called minority problem is actually due to the lack of democracy and freedom (specifically, the lack of "freedom" rather than "democracy"), resulting in the neglect of the legitimate rights and interests of the minority; The so-called majority problem is actually that a few powerful people oppress and extract the majority people, which leads to polarization between the rich and the poor, rampant corruption and increasingly prominent class contradictions. At present, the Arab people are protesting, mainly because they have not solved the "majority problem". Therefore, in order to get the country out of the predicament and get on the right track, we should first strengthen the "people’s nature" of the political power. In other words, the key to measure the success of a revolution is not what kind of regime is implemented, but which class will come to power in the future and what kind of ideology will be implemented, that is, "what flag to raise and what road to take."

However, after the current Arab upheaval, for various reasons, the successor obviously did not seriously think about these core issues. Moreover, because the Arab people are tired of the strongman politics that has been maintained for many years, just as the pendulum will inevitably move in the opposite direction after moving in one direction, the political transformation in the Middle East is developing towards decentralization and democratization. Indeed, Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other countries have made political reconstruction schedules and started the process of "political democratization" after completing the "regime change". But obviously, democratization will not automatically solve the "majority problem" of the country.

In fact, as early as the 1920s, some Arab countries (such as Egypt and Jordan) had established parliamentary democracy to varying degrees (this period was called the "free Arab period"). But it turns out that this system can’t solve all kinds of deep-seated problems facing the country. These democracies, which are talked about by some people, are actually a huge "tofu dregs project". In fact, no country in the third world has achieved national prosperity by first realizing democratization. On the contrary, many countries have lost their effectiveness and have to rely on external powers after implementing democratization. Based on this, it is not difficult to understand why most Arab countries pursued military/strongman politics during the most prestigious period in the world in the 1950s and 1960s. Therefore, hastily starting democratization will only lead this magnificent political movement astray.

From a practical point of view, the final result of this democratization movement of "only asking for votes, not asking for opinions" is to make the political Islamic forces that have been dormant for many years become the biggest beneficiaries. In Tunisia, the Baath Movement Party won 89 of the 217 seats in the Constituent Assembly election on October 23, 2011, becoming the largest party in the Constituent Assembly; In the first stage of Egypt’s elections, Islamic parties, mainly the Freedom and Justice Party of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Bright Party of the Salafist faction, won more than 60% of the votes, while the secular Egyptian League and the veteran Waffle Party only won 20% of the votes; Morocco’s House of Representatives held an early general election on November 25th, and the moderate Islamic party Justice and Development Party won 107 of the 395 seats, far ahead of other political parties. When the Libyan transitional government was established on November 24th, its leaders also indicated that Islam would be the legislative basis in the future.

The reason why Islamic forces can gain power is not that they represent some advanced productive forces or advanced culture, but largely because these countries have practiced high-handed rule for many years and there is no political opposition in the modern sense, thus enabling religious forces like the Muslim Brotherhood to accumulate strength and grow stronger. Are these Islamic forces capable of leading the country out of the predicament? From the perspective of class attributes, although the Muslim Brotherhood claims to represent the middle and lower classes, its top level is almost all billionaires, so it is doubtful whether its future policies can truly represent the lower classes. From the ideological point of view, its leading ideology is Islamic doctrine, but it is difficult to provide effective guiding principles for national modernization; From a historical perspective, these political Islamic forces have always played the role of "opponents", and it is doubtful whether they can lead the country out of the predicament and embark on the road of prosperity. Therefore, although the democratization of these countries is in full swing, people in Egypt and other countries continue to protest and try to carry out the "second revolution". Obviously, they are dissatisfied with this solution and try to find a new way to break through.

Western intervention has changed the nature of the "Arab turmoil" and the road to Arab revival has become more difficult.

The turmoil in the Middle East was originally an endogenous turmoil, which was mainly caused by internal factors, and the focus of public protests was mainly aimed at domestic authorities. However, because most of the countries in turmoil are pro-Western countries, the turmoil in the Middle East has greatly impacted the vested interests of the West that have been maintained in the Middle East for many years. After a short period of hesitation and vacillation, western countries began to take the opportunity to reshape the Middle East order, turn unfavorable factors into favorable ones, and safeguard their own interests to the maximum extent. Obviously, the western intervention in the Middle East obviously pursues "multiple standards": trying to protect the current regime in Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries, encouraging and conniving the government to suppress popular protests; For Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen and other countries that are in serious turmoil and the situation is difficult to clean up, they will make use of the situation and try to bring their future trends into the western track; For Libya, Syria, Iran and other countries that are anti-western or have a bad relationship with the West, it will add fuel to the flames and even directly carry out military strikes. However, the external interference by the west for selfish purposes has made the regional situation more complicated.

In particular, the Libyan war launched by NATO in March 2011 marked the beginning of the political struggle in the Middle East and entered a new stage of western military intervention and forced shaping of the regional pattern. On the surface, the war was authorized by the United Nations. In fact, it not only ignored the spirit of regional organizations in Resolution 1973, but also exceeded the stipulation that Resolution 1973 only authorized the establishment of a "no-fly zone". NATO claimed to "prevent a humanitarian disaster", but before Libya’s war, there were only a few hundred casualties in internal conflicts, and the situation has basically subsided. The indiscriminate bombing and the expansion of the war in the West caused more than 30,000 deaths and more than 50,000 injuries in Libya, and a large number of basic facilities were destroyed. Therefore, it is essentially an unjust war. The internal contradictions in Libya were far from the need to change the dynasty, but the western military intervention forcibly changed the original political process of the country, which plunged Libya from a stable and rich country with the highest living standard in Africa into chaos. The political situation in Libya in the post-Gaddafi era is likely to become a vassal of the West and a bridgehead for advancing into Africa.

What is particularly lamentable is that such an unjust war of the West against Arab countries has actually been actively endorsed by many Arab countries, and even directly participated in the "encirclement" of the Qaddafi regime. We should know that if the Arab world wants to achieve national rejuvenation and get rid of the vicious circle, it is the basic premise to achieve internal Arab unity. The performance of most Arab countries in the Libyan war shows that the Arab world is getting farther and farther away from realizing the dream of national rejuvenation. This seemingly massive upheaval in the Middle East will not make the countries in the region truly embark on the road of revival, but will still be the victims of the politics of western powers. Facts also show that after the successful intervention in Libya, the appetite and confidence of the West to transplant the "Libya model" in the region doubled. Therefore, just after the end of the Libyan war, the West began to step up pressure on Syria and Iran, which made the situation in Syria and Iraq increasingly tense. Syria is located in the heart of the Arab world, and once its situation gets out of control, it is likely to cause unexpected turmoil throughout the Middle East.

Sow the dragon seeds, but reap the fleas. The turbulent upheaval in the Middle East was originally a progressive movement with civil rights, people’s livelihood and nationality as its main demands, but the nature of this "Middle East Wave" has become increasingly stale due to the combined effects of various negative factors inside and outside. Although the upheaval in the Middle East continues, the "Arab Spring", which was full of passion and optimism, has been gradually replaced by pessimism, suspicion and anger, and even has the saying of "Arab Autumn" or "Arab Winter". It starts with a bang and ends with a scribble, which is a true portrayal of the chaos in the Middle East in the past year.